{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387949066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00944-2","title":"Detection and localization of caries and hypomineralization on dental photographs with a vision transformer model","display_name":"Detection and localization of caries and hypomineralization on dental photographs with a vision transformer model","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387949066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00944-2","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37880375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00944-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00944-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00944-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00944-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093126928","display_name":"Marco Felsch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Felsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005367743","display_name":"Ole Meyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5748-4996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ole Meyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087674265","display_name":"Anne Schlickenrieder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Schlickenrieder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060697848","display_name":"Paula Engels","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3931-2779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Engels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065766768","display_name":"Jule Sch\u00f6newolf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jule Sch\u00f6newolf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093126929","display_name":"Felicitas Z\u00f6llner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0449-8458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felicitas Z\u00f6llner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060012603","display_name":"Roswitha Heinrich\u2010Weltzien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5274-4816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134900","display_name":"Jena University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/035rzkx15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134900"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roswitha Heinrich-Weltzien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics, Section of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Section of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134900"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033823860","display_name":"Marc Hesenius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6826-9212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Hesenius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012550002","display_name":"Reinhard Hickel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reinhard Hickel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049739067","display_name":"Volker Gruhn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3841-2548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Volker Gruhn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071415046","display_name":"Jan K\u00fchnisch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4063-2291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan K\u00fchnisch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany. jkuehn@dent.med.uni-muenchen.de"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany. jkuehn@dent.med.uni-muenchen.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093126928"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3021,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3258},"fwci":10.1028,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98722563,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"198","last_page":"198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10257","display_name":"Oral microbiology and periodontitis research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12110","display_name":"Bone and Dental Protein Studies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7476821541786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.736477255821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.44590887427330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44565701484680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43776530027389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37826821208000183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7476821541786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.736477255821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.44590887427330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44565701484680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43776530027389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37826821208000183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00944-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00944-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00944-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37880375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37880375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10600213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10600213","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10600213/pdf/41746_2023_Article_944.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0d1018aac2344298a72f18b0d7ee1684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0d1018aac2344298a72f18b0d7ee1684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.db-thueringen.de:dbt_mods_00064071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:27-dbt-64071-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400120","display_name":"Common Library Network (Der Gemeinsame Bibliotheksverbund)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210149878","host_organization_name":"Verbundzentrale des GBV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00944-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00944-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00944-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387949066.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387949066.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515377139","https://openalex.org/W2011525681","https://openalex.org/W2042161118","https://openalex.org/W2119263995","https://openalex.org/W2153935720","https://openalex.org/W2233521061","https://openalex.org/W2523457784","https://openalex.org/W2771843601","https://openalex.org/W2792731923","https://openalex.org/W3010457767","https://openalex.org/W3020992444","https://openalex.org/W3108204254","https://openalex.org/W3125401821","https://openalex.org/W3130719814","https://openalex.org/W3131328339","https://openalex.org/W3156918963","https://openalex.org/W3168856113","https://openalex.org/W3170544306","https://openalex.org/W3194416978","https://openalex.org/W3196464288","https://openalex.org/W3197790083","https://openalex.org/W3207817459","https://openalex.org/W4223514638","https://openalex.org/W4224216771","https://openalex.org/W4281383158","https://openalex.org/W4284890590","https://openalex.org/W4294967745","https://openalex.org/W4306158096","https://openalex.org/W4308959200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W1891287906","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2775347418","https://openalex.org/W1969923398","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2058170566"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Caries":[0],"and":[1,12,23,34,56,59,78,96,119,130,139,159,171,176,196,198,203,215,217,222,239,243,253],"molar-incisor":[2],"hypomineralization":[3],"(MIH)":[4],"are":[5],"among":[6],"the":[7,40,43,82,148,151,179,187,231,246],"most":[8,188],"prevalent":[9],"diseases":[10],"worldwide":[11],"need":[13],"to":[14,31,47,93,207,249],"be":[15,208,250],"reliably":[16],"diagnosed.":[17],"The":[18,104,125,162,183],"use":[19],"of":[20,67,150,168,192,241],"dental":[21],"photographs":[22],"artificial":[24],"intelligence":[25],"(AI)":[26],"methods":[27,95],"may":[28],"potentially":[29],"contribute":[30],"realizing":[32],"accurate":[33],"automated":[35],"diagnostic":[36,164],"visual":[37],"examinations":[38],"in":[39,166],"future.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"present":[44],"study":[45,62],"aimed":[46],"develop":[48],"an":[49,64,101],"AI-based":[50,126],"algorithm":[51,127],"that":[52,230],"can":[53],"detect,":[54],"classify":[55],"localize":[57],"caries":[58,190,242],"MIH.":[60,244],"This":[61],"included":[63,147],"image":[65,72,106,137],"set":[66,107],"18,179":[68],"anonymous":[69],"photographs.":[70],"Pixelwise":[71],"labeling":[73],"was":[74,108,128],"achieved":[75],"by":[76,100,135],"trained":[77,129],"calibrated":[79],"annotators":[80],"using":[81,136],"Computer":[83],"Vision":[84],"Annotation":[85],"Tool":[86],"(CVAT).":[87],"All":[88],"annotations":[89],"were":[90,97,173,205],"made":[91],"according":[92],"standard":[94],"independently":[98],"checked":[99],"experienced":[102],"dentist.":[103],"entire":[105],"divided":[109],"into":[110],"training":[111],"(N":[112,116,122],"=":[113,117,123],"16,679),":[114],"validation":[115],"500)":[118],"test":[120],"sets":[121],"1000).":[124],"finetuned":[131,180],"over":[132,153],"250":[133],"epochs":[134],"augmentation":[138],"adapting":[140],"a":[141],"vision":[142],"transformer":[143],"network":[144],"(SegFormer-B5).":[145],"Statistics":[146],"determination":[149],"intersection":[152],"union":[154],"(IoU),":[155],"average":[156],"precision":[157,235],"(AP)":[158],"accuracy":[160],"(ACC).":[161],"overall":[163],"performance":[165],"terms":[167],"IoU,":[169],"AP":[170],"ACC":[172],"0.959,":[174],"0.977":[175],"0.978":[177],"for":[178,186,236],"model,":[181],"respectively.":[182],"corresponding":[184],"data":[185],"relevant":[189],"classes":[191],"non-cavitations":[193],"(0.630,":[194],"0.813":[195],"0.990)":[197],"dentin":[199],"cavities":[200],"(0.692,":[201],"0.830,":[202],"0.997)":[204],"found":[206],"high.":[209],"MIH-related":[210],"demarcated":[211],"opacity":[212],"(0.672,":[213],"0.827,":[214],"0.993)":[216],"atypical":[218],"restoration":[219],"(0.829,":[220],"0.902,":[221],"0.999)":[223],"showed":[224],"similar":[225],"results.":[226],"Here,":[227],"we":[228],"report":[229],"model":[232,247],"achieves":[233],"excellent":[234],"pixelwise":[237],"detection":[238],"localization":[240],"Nevertheless,":[245],"needs":[248],"further":[251],"improved":[252],"externally":[254],"validated.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}