{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361283651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","title":"A standardized framework for risk-based assessment of treatment effect heterogeneity in observational healthcare databases","display_name":"A standardized framework for risk-based assessment of treatment effect heterogeneity in observational healthcare databases","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361283651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090900073","display_name":"Alexandros Rekkas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5352-943X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801952686","display_name":"Erasmus MC","ror":"https://ror.org/018906e22","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Rekkas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. a.rekkas@erasmusmc.nl","Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5352-943X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. a.rekkas@erasmusmc.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004074611","display_name":"David van Klaveren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2096-606X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290900354","display_name":"Tufts Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/002hsbm82","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290900354"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801952686","display_name":"Erasmus MC","ror":"https://ror.org/018906e22","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David van Klaveren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","Predictive Analytics and Comparative Effectiveness (PACE) Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies (ICRHPS), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Predictive Analytics and Comparative Effectiveness (PACE) Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies (ICRHPS), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290900354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065153070","display_name":"Patrick Ryan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9727-2138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799503643","display_name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01esghr10","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799503643"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151386","display_name":"Janssen (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05af73403","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330063522","https://openalex.org/I4210151386"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick B. Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA","Janssen Research and Development, 125 Trenton Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ, 08560, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799503643"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Janssen Research and Development, 125 Trenton Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ, 08560, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091435927","display_name":"Ewout W. Steyerberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-0122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800006345","display_name":"Leiden University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05xvt9f17","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ewout W. Steyerberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-0122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006559598","display_name":"David M. Kent","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9205-5070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290900354","display_name":"Tufts Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/002hsbm82","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290900354"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Kent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Predictive Analytics and Comparative Effectiveness (PACE) Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies (ICRHPS), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9205-5070","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Predictive Analytics and Comparative Effectiveness (PACE) Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies (ICRHPS), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290900354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048645102","display_name":"Peter R. Rijnbeek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-1979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801952686","display_name":"Erasmus MC","ror":"https://ror.org/018906e22","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter R. Rijnbeek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090900073"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":9.4746,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97431254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"58","last_page":"58"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-study","display_name":"Observational study","score":0.822259247303009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.6438763737678528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","score":0.5197722315788269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4370783567428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-medicine","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","score":0.4268985092639923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absolute-risk-reduction","display_name":"Absolute risk reduction","score":0.42284324765205383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"Confounding","score":0.41250914335250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.36708855628967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.2633568048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.24347764253616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.12275716662406921}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.822259247303009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6438763737678528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.5197722315788269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4370783567428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.4268985092639923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120195587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138790","display_name":"Absolute risk reduction","level":3,"score":0.42284324765205383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.41250914335250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.36708855628967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2633568048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24347764253616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.12275716662406921}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36991144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.eur.nl:openaire/4d90d584-3937-4b6d-bbbe-d2a4cef05e2d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/4d90d584-3937-4b6d-bbbe-d2a4cef05e2d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rekkas, A, van Klaveren, D, Ryan, P B, Steyerberg, E W, Kent, D M & Rijnbeek, P R 2023, 'A standardized framework for risk-based assessment of treatment effect heterogeneity in observational healthcare databases', npj Digital Medicine, vol. 6, no. 1, 58. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10060247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10060247","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10060247/pdf/41746_2023_Article_794.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_3764340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3764340","pdf_url":"https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3764341/view","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:23646a51a1864df2bc431fd039b3c48a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/23646a51a1864df2bc431fd039b3c48a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.eur.nl:publications/4d90d584-3937-4b6d-bbbe-d2a4cef05e2d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85151471885&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Rekkas, A, van Klaveren, D, Ryan, P B, Steyerberg, E W, Kent, D M & Rijnbeek, P R 2023, 'A standardized framework for risk-based assessment of treatment effect heterogeneity in observational healthcare databases', npj Digital Medicine, vol. 6, no. 1, 58. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00794-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6059218570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80696","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326631","funder_display_name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314178","display_name":"European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations","ror":"https://ror.org/00g1x4v36"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326631","display_name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","ror":"https://ror.org/019af4n30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34678172","https://openalex.org/W1126991912","https://openalex.org/W1516497825","https://openalex.org/W1972783815","https://openalex.org/W1994682257","https://openalex.org/W2001299659","https://openalex.org/W2002456705","https://openalex.org/W2019694480","https://openalex.org/W2028659545","https://openalex.org/W2034640205","https://openalex.org/W2036193982","https://openalex.org/W2093492017","https://openalex.org/W2096055556","https://openalex.org/W2107053960","https://openalex.org/W2128780239","https://openalex.org/W2131816042","https://openalex.org/W2132278422","https://openalex.org/W2138499964","https://openalex.org/W2164821482","https://openalex.org/W2554140069","https://openalex.org/W2770837559","https://openalex.org/W2789966595","https://openalex.org/W2799695199","https://openalex.org/W2885869435","https://openalex.org/W2904040183","https://openalex.org/W2952356497","https://openalex.org/W2981330642","https://openalex.org/W2984947744","https://openalex.org/W2986844826","https://openalex.org/W3093678378","https://openalex.org/W4256124821"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975046232","https://openalex.org/W2166247085","https://openalex.org/W1967947002","https://openalex.org/W4281606568","https://openalex.org/W2329095872","https://openalex.org/W3216617598","https://openalex.org/W2914585126","https://openalex.org/W2396000345","https://openalex.org/W2318707379","https://openalex.org/W4230495490"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Treatment":[0,19],"effects":[1,232],"are":[2,210],"often":[3],"anticipated":[4],"to":[5,18,56,60,175,179,240],"vary":[6],"across":[7,159,233],"groups":[8],"of":[9,32,41,52,73,78,92,96,101,108,112,120,130,140,143,195,229],"patients":[10,191],"with":[11],"different":[12],"baseline":[13,26],"risk.":[14],"The":[15,50,69],"Predictive":[16],"Approaches":[17],"Effect":[20],"Heterogeneity":[21],"(PATH)":[22],"statement":[23],"focused":[24],"on":[25,38,152],"risk":[27,194,216,234],"as":[28],"a":[29,46,65,102,165],"robust":[30],"predictor":[31],"treatment":[33,42,116,231],"effect":[34,43,117,142],"and":[35,89,114,155],"provided":[36],"guidance":[37],"risk-based":[39],"assessment":[40],"heterogeneity":[44,139],"in":[45,213],"randomized":[47],"controlled":[48],"trial.":[49],"aim":[51],"this":[53,58,173],"study":[54],"is":[55],"extend":[57],"approach":[59],"the":[61,79,83,85,87,90,106,131,141,180,214,227,238,242],"observational":[62,161],"setting":[63],"using":[64],"standardized":[66],"scalable":[67],"framework.":[68],"proposed":[70],"framework":[71,136,174,224],"consists":[72],"five":[74],"steps:":[75],"(1)":[76],"definition":[77],"research":[80],"aim,":[81],"i.e.,":[82],"population,":[84],"treatment,":[86],"comparator":[88],"outcome(s)":[91,107],"interest;":[93,109],"(2)":[94],"identification":[95],"relevant":[97],"databases;":[98],"(3)":[99],"development":[100],"prediction":[103],"model":[104],"for":[105,125,171,203,219,226],"(4)":[110],"estimation":[111],"relative":[113],"absolute":[115,201],"within":[118],"strata":[119],"predicted":[121],"risk,":[122],"after":[123],"adjusting":[124],"observed":[126],"confounding;":[127],"(5)":[128],"presentation":[129],"results.":[132],"We":[133,163],"demonstrate":[134],"our":[135,189],"by":[137],"evaluating":[138],"thiazide":[144],"or":[145],"thiazide-like":[146],"diuretics":[147],"versus":[148],"angiotensin-converting":[149],"enzyme":[150],"inhibitors":[151],"three":[153,160,205],"efficacy":[154,206],"nine":[156],"safety":[157],"outcomes":[158],"databases.":[162],"provide":[164],"publicly":[166],"available":[167],"R":[168],"software":[169],"package":[170],"applying":[172],"any":[176],"database":[177],"mapped":[178],"Observational":[181],"Medical":[182],"Outcomes":[183],"Partnership":[184],"Common":[185],"Data":[186],"Model.":[187],"In":[188],"demonstration,":[190],"at":[192],"low":[193],"acute":[196,220],"myocardial":[197,221],"infarction":[198],"receive":[199],"negligible":[200],"benefits":[202],"all":[204],"outcomes,":[207],"though":[208],"they":[209],"more":[211],"pronounced":[212],"highest":[215],"group,":[217],"especially":[218],"infarction.":[222],"Our":[223],"allows":[225],"evaluation":[228],"differential":[230],"strata,":[235],"which":[236],"offers":[237],"opportunity":[239],"consider":[241],"benefit-harm":[243],"trade-off":[244],"between":[245],"alternative":[246],"treatments.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-27T08:22:11.395708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}