{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307138871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00705-7","title":"Automated clinical coding: what, why, and where we are?","display_name":"Automated clinical coding: what, why, and where we are?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307138871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00705-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36273236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00705-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00705-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-022-00705-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-022-00705-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035163413","display_name":"Hang Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6828-6891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146410","display_name":"Science Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/04j8yhy50","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164624","display_name":"The Queen's Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/059zxg644","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164624","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hang Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. hang.dong@cs.ox.ac.uk","Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. hang.dong@cs.ox.ac.uk","Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6828-6891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. hang.dong@cs.ox.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. hang.dong@cs.ox.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210146410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082926904","display_name":"Mat\u00fa\u0161 Falis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7649-6251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mat\u00fa\u0161 Falis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058224218","display_name":"William Whiteley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4816-8991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Whiteley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4816-8991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043179000","display_name":"Beatrice Alex","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-1476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice Alex","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edinburgh Futures Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edinburgh Futures Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109590288","display_name":"Joshua Matterson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340918713","display_name":"University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/042fqyp44","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72509657","display_name":"Epic Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/029z3g861","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72509657"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Matterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Epic Systems Corporation, Verona, WI, USA","University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Research Informatics Unit, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7085-0153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Epic Systems Corporation, Verona, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72509657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Research Informatics Unit, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007841686","display_name":"Shaoxiong Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-8002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoxiong Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-8002","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085691361","display_name":"Jiaoyan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-6750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaoyan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-6750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043821806","display_name":"Honghan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0213-5668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142469","display_name":"Health Data Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/04rtjaj74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Honghan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK. honghan.wu@ucl.ac.uk","Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0213-5668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK. honghan.wu@ucl.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035163413","https://openalex.org/A5043821806"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210142469","https://openalex.org/I4210146410","https://openalex.org/I4210164624","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":22.34,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99345238,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"159","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14400","display_name":"Medical Coding and Health Information","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14400","display_name":"Medical Coding and Health Information","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12246","display_name":"Chronic Disease Management Strategies","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.7821719646453857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.645384669303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-classification","display_name":"Medical classification","score":0.49968934059143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48797768354415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4517499804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33133819699287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3220953941345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.162580668926239}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.7821719646453857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.645384669303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154874363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518464","display_name":"Medical classification","level":2,"score":0.49968934059143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48797768354415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4517499804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33133819699287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3220953941345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.162580668926239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00705-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00705-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-022-00705-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36273236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36273236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/fda67d92-cf2d-473e-901d-b4fb5bb5ddab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/fda67d92-cf2d-473e-901d-b4fb5bb5ddab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Dong, H, Falis, M, Whiteley, W, Alex, B, Matterson, J, Ji, S, Chen, J & Wu, H 2022, 'Automated clinical coding : What, why, and where we are?', npj Digital Medicine, vol. 5, 159, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00705-7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:326968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/77060.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/117697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/c0a84294-32a3-447e-aa3e-141a98b975bc","pdf_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/117697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a8e0c21364d749e5b4338ceea84c3362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a8e0c21364d749e5b4338ceea84c3362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9588058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9588058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00705-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00705-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-022-00705-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3186036607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S02431X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3253514882","display_name":"ConCur: Knowledge Base Construction and Curation","funder_award_id":"EP/V050869/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3565013306","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant EP/S02431X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5436805323","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIHR202639","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","funder_display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6426385615","display_name":"Deriving an actionable patient phenome from healthcare data","funder_award_id":"MR/S004149/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7306783740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/S004149/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7475414022","display_name":"Deriving an actionable patient phenome from healthcare data","funder_award_id":"MR/S004149/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7513764588","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V050869/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7603489359","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S02431X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G956835308","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/S004149/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320332","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307138871.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307138871.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W226353539","https://openalex.org/W1491452592","https://openalex.org/W1576514601","https://openalex.org/W2007666495","https://openalex.org/W2100676408","https://openalex.org/W2115118650","https://openalex.org/W2146417320","https://openalex.org/W2283041611","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2404369708","https://openalex.org/W2664267452","https://openalex.org/W2739515596","https://openalex.org/W2778088240","https://openalex.org/W2794962036","https://openalex.org/W2889577585","https://openalex.org/W2939054980","https://openalex.org/W2948042116","https://openalex.org/W2964142373","https://openalex.org/W2970738924","https://openalex.org/W2970971588","https://openalex.org/W2984295533","https://openalex.org/W2985173696","https://openalex.org/W3004598824","https://openalex.org/W3015257991","https://openalex.org/W3034503829","https://openalex.org/W3037562983","https://openalex.org/W3038575402","https://openalex.org/W3045403644","https://openalex.org/W3049334259","https://openalex.org/W3080429061","https://openalex.org/W3106092787","https://openalex.org/W3132259035","https://openalex.org/W3134691471","https://openalex.org/W3158665049","https://openalex.org/W3159907162","https://openalex.org/W3167281682","https://openalex.org/W3174700141","https://openalex.org/W3176707157","https://openalex.org/W3189827190","https://openalex.org/W3194921886","https://openalex.org/W3198841974","https://openalex.org/W3200589204","https://openalex.org/W3202283490","https://openalex.org/W3209254806","https://openalex.org/W3209293071","https://openalex.org/W3212552334","https://openalex.org/W3213059131","https://openalex.org/W4210603761","https://openalex.org/W4221143523","https://openalex.org/W4224646058","https://openalex.org/W4285146209","https://openalex.org/W4285589374","https://openalex.org/W4286567174","https://openalex.org/W4287854971","https://openalex.org/W4306174044","https://openalex.org/W6755754581","https://openalex.org/W6794364547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1814740154","https://openalex.org/W3031494915","https://openalex.org/W2034608197","https://openalex.org/W2265172224","https://openalex.org/W2412024162","https://openalex.org/W3031763252","https://openalex.org/W4226145506","https://openalex.org/W2604748422","https://openalex.org/W2347612500","https://openalex.org/W2244353837"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clinical":[0,47],"coding":[1,48,73,111,132,170,208],"is":[2,27,171,194],"the":[3,59,64,68,79,92,98,116,121,124,134,149,178,190,210],"task":[4,32,155,174],"of":[5,45,63,70,81,153],"transforming":[6],"medical":[7],"information":[8],"in":[9,38,113,140,189,209],"a":[10,28,35,42,154,172],"patient's":[11],"health":[12],"records":[13],"into":[14,161],"structured":[15],"codes":[16],"so":[17],"that":[18,33,145],"they":[19],"can":[20],"be":[21,51,159,187],"used":[22],"for":[23,136,165,175],"statistical":[24],"analysis.":[25],"This":[26],"cognitive":[29],"and":[30,61,74,85,101,107,115,133,138,147,180,200,214],"time-consuming":[31],"follows":[34],"standard":[36],"process":[37,152],"order":[39],"to":[40,57,130,158,186,196,198,206],"achieve":[41,197],"high":[43],"level":[44],"consistency.":[46],"could":[49],"potentially":[50],"supported":[52],"by":[53],"an":[54,202],"automated":[55,71,204],"system":[56,205],"improve":[58],"efficiency":[60],"accuracy":[62],"process.":[65,192],"We":[66],"introduce":[67],"idea":[69],"clinical":[72,110,131,166,169],"summarise":[75],"its":[76],"challenges":[77],"from":[78],"perspective":[80],"Artificial":[82],"Intelligence":[83],"(AI)":[84],"Natural":[86],"Language":[87],"Processing":[88],"(NLP),":[89],"based":[90],"on":[91],"literature,":[93],"our":[94],"project":[95],"experience":[96],"over":[97],"past":[99],"two":[100],"half":[102],"years":[103,213],"(late":[104],"2019-early":[105],"2022),":[106],"discussions":[108],"with":[109],"experts":[112],"Scotland":[114],"UK.":[117],"Our":[118],"research":[119],"reveals":[120],"gaps":[122],"between":[123],"current":[125],"deep":[126,162],"learning-based":[127,163],"approach":[128],"applied":[129],"need":[135,157],"explainability":[137],"consistency":[139],"real-world":[141],"practice.":[142],"Knowledge-based":[143],"methods":[144,164],"represent":[146],"reason":[148],"standard,":[150],"explainable":[151],"may":[156],"incorporated":[160],"coding.":[167],"Automated":[168],"promising":[173],"AI,":[176],"despite":[177],"technical":[179],"organisational":[181],"challenges.":[182],"Coders":[183],"are":[184],"needed":[185],"involved":[188],"development":[191],"There":[193],"much":[195],"develop":[199],"deploy":[201],"AI-based":[203],"support":[207],"next":[211],"five":[212],"beyond.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
