{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285042490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00634-5","title":"Medical domain knowledge in domain-agnostic generative AI","display_name":"Medical domain knowledge in domain-agnostic generative AI","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285042490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00634-5","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35817798"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00634-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00634-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-022-00634-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-022-00634-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073483894","display_name":"Jakob Nikolas Kather","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-5348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Nikolas Kather","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057475480","display_name":"Narmin Ghaffari Laleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0889-3352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narmin Ghaffari Laleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073167797","display_name":"Sebastian Foersch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4740-6900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094062","display_name":"University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","ror":"https://ror.org/00q1fsf04","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094062"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197323543","display_name":"Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","ror":"https://ror.org/023b0x485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Foersch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094062","https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016512818","display_name":"Daniel Truhn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-0728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Truhn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073483894"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":2919,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3148},"fwci":8.3271,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97963856,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"90","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11287","display_name":"Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.7396569848060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.7312634587287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6922063231468201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5571637153625488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.5482205152511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.49015364050865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.4577871561050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3865847587585449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09460306167602539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7396569848060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.7312634587287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6922063231468201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5571637153625488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.5482205152511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49015364050865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.4577871561050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3865847587585449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09460306167602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00634-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00634-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-022-00634-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35817798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35817798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:383164f388ea4d98b848c2e28d3f24eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/383164f388ea4d98b848c2e28d3f24eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-5 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9273760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9273760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.18154/rwth-conv-249751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-conv-249751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00634-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00634-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-022-00634-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1569319872","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZMVI1-2520DAT111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321721","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2888424188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2520DAT111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321721","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3169882586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEEP LIVER, ZMVI1-2520DAT111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321721","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6037373127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#70113864","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323556","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8004974288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"70113864","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323556","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8808717806","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2520DAT111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323556","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321721","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","ror":"https://ror.org/05vp4ka74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323556","display_name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe","ror":"https://ror.org/01wxdd722"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285042490.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285042490.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3029272675","https://openalex.org/W3044753181","https://openalex.org/W3106805434","https://openalex.org/W3121997355","https://openalex.org/W3126398568","https://openalex.org/W3129576130","https://openalex.org/W3166254754","https://openalex.org/W3166396011","https://openalex.org/W3179252650","https://openalex.org/W3186141300","https://openalex.org/W4226125322","https://openalex.org/W4226284626","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W4311415873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4395044357","https://openalex.org/W4287117424","https://openalex.org/W4387506531","https://openalex.org/W2087346071","https://openalex.org/W2967848559","https://openalex.org/W4299831724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"text-guided":[1],"diffusion":[2],"model":[3,35,78],"GLIDE":[4,26,42,77,110,141],"(Guided":[5],"Language":[6],"to":[7,112],"Image":[8],"Diffusion":[9],"for":[10,51,148],"Generation":[11],"and":[12,89,99,106,119,142],"Editing)":[13],"is":[14],"the":[15,18,74,93,117,154],"state":[16],"of":[17,33,83,96,102,116,121],"art":[19],"in":[20,58,86,91,153],"text-to-image":[21],"generative":[22,129],"artificial":[23],"intelligence":[24],"(AI).":[25],"has":[27,79],"rich":[28],"representations,":[29],"but":[30],"medical":[31,45,52,135,149],"applications":[32],"this":[34],"have":[36],"not":[37],"been":[38],"systematically":[39],"explored.":[40],"If":[41],"had":[43],"useful":[44,114,147],"knowledge,":[46],"it":[47],"could":[48],"be":[49,146],"used":[50],"image":[53,150],"analysis":[54],"tasks,":[55],"a":[56,67],"domain":[57],"which":[59],"AI":[60,130],"systems":[61],"are":[62],"still":[63],"highly":[64],"engineered":[65],"towards":[66],"single":[68],"use-case.":[69],"Here":[70],"we":[71],"show":[72],"that":[73,127],"publicly":[75],"available":[76],"reasonably":[80],"strong":[81],"representations":[82,115],"key":[84],"topics":[85],"cancer":[87],"research":[88],"oncology,":[90],"particular":[92],"general":[94],"style":[95,118],"histopathology":[97],"images":[98],"multiple":[100],"facets":[101],"diseases,":[103],"pathological":[104],"processes":[105],"laboratory":[107],"assays.":[108],"However,":[109],"seems":[111],"lack":[113],"content":[120],"radiology":[122],"data.":[123],"Our":[124],"findings":[125],"demonstrate":[126],"domain-agnostic":[128],"models":[131,144],"can":[132],"learn":[133],"relevant":[134],"concepts":[136],"without":[137],"explicit":[138],"training.":[139],"Thus,":[140],"similar":[143],"might":[145],"processing":[151],"tasks":[152],"future":[155],"-":[156],"particularly":[157],"with":[158],"additional":[159],"domain-specific":[160],"fine-tuning.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2022-07-13T00:00:00"}