{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3150684546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00431-6","title":"Federated deep learning for detecting COVID-19 lung abnormalities in CT: a privacy-preserving multinational validation study","display_name":"Federated deep learning for detecting COVID-19 lung abnormalities in CT: a privacy-preserving multinational validation study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3150684546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00431-6","mag":"3150684546","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33782526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00431-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00431-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-021-00431-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-021-00431-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090516040","display_name":"Qi Dou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3416-9950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Dou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. qdou@cse.cuhk.edu.hk","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3416-9950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. qdou@cse.cuhk.edu.hk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076488409","display_name":"Tiffany Y. So","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-0721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiffany Y. So","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-0721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042130198","display_name":"Meirui Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meirui Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-8420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054960327","display_name":"Quande Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3921-5960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quande Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001457706","display_name":"Varut Vardhanabhuti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-3194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varut Vardhanabhuti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-3194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000554104","display_name":"Georgios Kaissis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8382-8062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154413","display_name":"Institute of Group Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6b29","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Kaissis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK","Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany","OpenMined, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8382-8062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154413","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OpenMined, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074707604","display_name":"Zeju Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-2959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154413","display_name":"Institute of Group Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6b29","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeju Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154413","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056608507","display_name":"Weixin Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-9714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixin Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002649998","display_name":"Heather H. C. Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heather H. C. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101552002","display_name":"Kevin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6725-0413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800783597","display_name":"Tuen Mun Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/018nkky79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2800783597"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Tuen Muen Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Tuen Muen Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800783597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020569485","display_name":"Zuxin Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuxin Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking University ShenZhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking University ShenZhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659916","display_name":"Li Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-7489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152856","display_name":"Qujiang People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/028xrre51","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152856"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Zhijiang People's Hospital, Zhijiang, Hubei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Zhijiang People's Hospital, Zhijiang, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022340220","display_name":"Egon Burian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0428-8569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Egon Burian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028264043","display_name":"Friederike Jungmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9600-4094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Friederike Jungmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007748020","display_name":"Rickmer Braren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-6957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17937529","display_name":"German Cancer Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdgtt98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I17937529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rickmer Braren","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17937529","https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051070119","display_name":"Marcus R. Makowski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus Makowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078127596","display_name":"Bernhard Kainz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7813-5023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154413","display_name":"Institute of Group Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6b29","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Kainz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154413","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006461848","display_name":"Daniel Rueckert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-5889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154413","display_name":"Institute of Group Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6b29","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Rueckert","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI in Medicine and Healthcare, Technical University of Munich, School of Informatics and Medicine, Munich, Germany","Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-5889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI in Medicine and Healthcare, Technical University of Munich, School of Informatics and Medicine, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154413","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007222325","display_name":"Ben Glocker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-9356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154413","display_name":"Institute of Group Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6b29","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Glocker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK. b.glocker@imperial.ac.uk","Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-9356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK. b.glocker@imperial.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154413","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040190424","display_name":"Simon C.H. Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8715-5026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon C. H. Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. simonyu@cuhk.edu.hk","Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. simonyu@cuhk.edu.hk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032708386","display_name":"Pheng\u2010Ann Heng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3055-5034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pheng Ann Heng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. pheng@cse.cuhk.edu.hk","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. pheng@cse.cuhk.edu.hk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":21,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090516040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":29.8261,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":270,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99870253,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"60","last_page":"60"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.9147005081176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinational-corporation","display_name":"Multinational corporation","score":0.7425187230110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6814440488815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6355085372924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5955497622489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5888381004333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.5519919395446777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mainland-china","display_name":"Mainland China","score":0.5490565299987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46764302253723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china-mainland","display_name":"China mainland","score":0.44419413805007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3449552655220032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.25957831740379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.22232216596603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.18695706129074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1796821653842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.10808104276657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.10224828124046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.10175874829292297}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.9147005081176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.7425187230110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6814440488815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6355085372924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5955497622489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5888381004333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.5519919395446777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107029721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19188","display_name":"Mainland China","level":3,"score":0.5490565299987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46764302253723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019975073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19188","display_name":"China mainland","level":3,"score":0.44419413805007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3449552655220032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.25957831740379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.22232216596603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.18695706129074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1796821653842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.10808104276657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.10224828124046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10175874829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00431-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00431-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-021-00431-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33782526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33782526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:340f463aed8748e1b87b2603e67e7d80","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/340f463aed8748e1b87b2603e67e7d80","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1610667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1610667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8007806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8007806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/91815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/91815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"11","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00431-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00431-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-021-00431-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1927345243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802385","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3717468213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MMT-p5-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335138","funder_display_name":"Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G504901269","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ITS/426/17FP","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326427","funder_display_name":"Innovation and Technology Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6047568792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MMT-p5-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322942","funder_display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322942","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323383","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326427","display_name":"Innovation and Technology Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335138","display_name":"Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3150684546.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3150684546.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1832500336","https://openalex.org/W2137591261","https://openalex.org/W2144506857","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2328176404","https://openalex.org/W2414153176","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2767236661","https://openalex.org/W2811374795","https://openalex.org/W2883683269","https://openalex.org/W2886281300","https://openalex.org/W2905810301","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963899699","https://openalex.org/W2979362285","https://openalex.org/W3004531689","https://openalex.org/W3006882119","https://openalex.org/W3012501605","https://openalex.org/W3013547516","https://openalex.org/W3014725478","https://openalex.org/W3020653337","https://openalex.org/W3024251435","https://openalex.org/W3025394897","https://openalex.org/W3026951029","https://openalex.org/W3027890277","https://openalex.org/W3028394171","https://openalex.org/W3029883239","https://openalex.org/W3033511014","https://openalex.org/W3045674654","https://openalex.org/W3054666633","https://openalex.org/W3086590218","https://openalex.org/W3099805905","https://openalex.org/W3102960797","https://openalex.org/W3103199493","https://openalex.org/W3104810384","https://openalex.org/W3115781494","https://openalex.org/W4252347102","https://openalex.org/W6966869944"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011002923","https://openalex.org/W2951440579","https://openalex.org/W4380085605","https://openalex.org/W4296129246","https://openalex.org/W574571921","https://openalex.org/W2361287700","https://openalex.org/W2074693237","https://openalex.org/W2391759504","https://openalex.org/W2368242290","https://openalex.org/W4309011160"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"privacy":[1],"mechanisms":[2],"are":[3],"essential":[4],"for":[5,65,96,110,122,128,144],"rapidly":[6,167],"scaling":[7],"medical":[8,146],"training":[9,97],"databases":[10],"to":[11,138,166],"capture":[12],"the":[13,27,48,53,58,134,177],"heterogeneity":[14],"of":[15,34,52,60,125,179,182,185],"patient":[16],"data":[17],"distributions":[18],"toward":[19],"robust":[20],"and":[21,50,98,100,108,174],"generalizable":[22],"machine":[23],"learning":[24,63,136,158],"systems.":[25],"In":[26],"current":[28],"COVID-19":[29,67,130,145],"pandemic,":[30],"a":[31,61,77,140],"major":[32],"focus":[33],"artificial":[35],"intelligence":[36],"(AI)":[37],"is":[38],"interpreting":[39],"chest":[40],"CT,":[41],"which":[42],"can":[43],"be":[44],"readily":[45],"used":[46],"in":[47],"assessment":[49],"management":[51],"disease.":[54],"This":[55],"paper":[56],"demonstrates":[57],"feasibility":[59],"federated":[62,135],"method":[64],"detecting":[66],"related":[68],"CT":[69],"abnormalities":[70],"with":[71,89,149],"external":[72],"validation":[73],"on":[74,119,153],"patients":[75,83],"from":[76,84,93,105],"multinational":[78,86,155],"study.":[79],"We":[80,114,132],"recruited":[81],"132":[82],"seven":[85],"different":[87],"centers,":[88],"three":[90],"internal":[91],"hospitals":[92],"Hong":[94],"Kong":[95],"testing,":[99],"four":[101],"external,":[102],"independent":[103],"datasets":[104],"Mainland":[106],"China":[107],"Germany,":[109],"validating":[111],"model":[112,143],"generalizability.":[113],"also":[115],"conducted":[116],"case":[117],"studies":[118],"longitudinal":[120],"scans":[121],"automated":[123],"estimation":[124],"lesion":[126],"burden":[127,178],"hospitalized":[129],"patients.":[131],"explore":[133],"algorithms":[137],"develop":[139,168],"privacy-preserving":[141],"AI":[142,171],"image":[147],"diagnosis":[148],"good":[150],"generalization":[151],"capability":[152],"unseen":[154],"datasets.":[156],"Federated":[157],"could":[159],"provide":[160],"an":[161],"effective":[162],"mechanism":[163],"during":[164],"pandemics":[165],"clinically":[169],"useful":[170],"across":[172],"institutions":[173],"countries":[175],"overcoming":[176],"central":[180],"aggregation":[181],"large":[183],"amounts":[184],"sensitive":[186],"data.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}