{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139005374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00420-9","title":"Reopening businesses and risk of COVID-19 transmission","display_name":"Reopening businesses and risk of COVID-19 transmission","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139005374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00420-9","mag":"3139005374","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33727636"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00420-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00420-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-021-00420-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-021-00420-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020825767","display_name":"Ashley L. O\u2019Donoghue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7401-5692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316535847","display_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04drvxt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashley O\u2019Donoghue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004694619","display_name":"Tenzin Dechen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-6470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316535847","display_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04drvxt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tenzin Dechen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080202866","display_name":"Whitney Pavlova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Whitney Pavlova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041193569","display_name":"Michael Boals","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Boals","raw_affiliation_strings":["Requisite Analytics, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Requisite Analytics, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069906737","display_name":"Garba Moussa","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garba Moussa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Open-Classroom, Paris, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Open-Classroom, Paris, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064325901","display_name":"M Madan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manvi Madan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ports of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ports of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014628903","display_name":"Aalok Thakkar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aalok Thakkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039123409","display_name":"Frank DeFalco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5810-8298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151386","display_name":"Janssen (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05af73403","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330063522","https://openalex.org/I4210151386"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank J. DeFalco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151386"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078595872","display_name":"Jennifer P. Stevens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9880-9662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316535847","display_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04drvxt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer P. Stevens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA","Division for Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division for Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020825767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":2.0721,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90683753,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"51","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12916","display_name":"COVID-19 impact on air quality","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.7835617661476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6146709322929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5477842092514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5277976393699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.49336710572242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"Risk management","score":0.4456093907356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3282766342163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2681780457496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.24058949947357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.22898638248443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14833346009254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.13770249485969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11640879511833191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.7835617661476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6146709322929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5477842092514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5277976393699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.49336710572242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.4456093907356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3282766342163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2681780457496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.24058949947357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.22898638248443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14833346009254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.13770249485969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11640879511833191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00420-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00420-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-021-00420-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33727636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33727636","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f64fc81b13a444f28595c17b6e05605a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f64fc81b13a444f28595c17b6e05605a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 1-5 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7966767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7966767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00420-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00420-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-021-00420-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8351486948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K08HS024288","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332177","funder_display_name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332177","display_name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/03jmfdf59"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139005374.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139005374.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2605993057","https://openalex.org/W3008721669","https://openalex.org/W3010152820","https://openalex.org/W3014670459","https://openalex.org/W3015695854","https://openalex.org/W3017203823","https://openalex.org/W3018392983","https://openalex.org/W3022649823","https://openalex.org/W3024818377","https://openalex.org/W3028450812","https://openalex.org/W3034950869","https://openalex.org/W3047061478","https://openalex.org/W3081276528","https://openalex.org/W3089964848","https://openalex.org/W3107732754","https://openalex.org/W3124208522"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205698903","https://openalex.org/W4400613637","https://openalex.org/W4294968941","https://openalex.org/W4283819461","https://openalex.org/W4390279739","https://openalex.org/W4205413867","https://openalex.org/W3179695362","https://openalex.org/W4394620624","https://openalex.org/W3177646415","https://openalex.org/W4226434842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44],"true":[1],"risk":[2,25,41,115,190,204],"of":[3,26,59,66,70,112,141,205,216],"a":[4,34,166,193],"COVID-19":[5,27,152,179,206],"resurgence":[6],"as":[7,120,223,227],"states":[8,88,121,131,228],"reopen":[9],"businesses":[10,85,103,209],"is":[11,147,172],"unknown.":[12],"In":[13],"this":[14],"paper,":[15],"we":[16,135],"used":[17],"anonymized":[18],"cell-phone":[19],"data":[20],"to":[21,61,83,92,200,218],"quantify":[22],"the":[23,56,75,110,114,138,142,155,202,212],"potential":[24,203],"transmission":[28,40,207],"in":[29,74,80,128,165,177,181],"business":[30],"establishments":[31],"by":[32,105,107],"building":[33],"Business":[35,144,169],"Risk":[36,145,170],"Index":[37,146,171],"that":[38,97,137,162],"measures":[39],"over":[42],"time.":[43],"index":[45,116,191],"was":[46],"built":[47],"using":[48],"two":[49],"metrics,":[50],"visits":[51,67,217],"per":[52],"square":[53],"foot":[54],"and":[55,68,132,197,214,230],"average":[57,143,168],"duration":[58],"visits,":[60],"account":[62],"for":[63,149,195],"both":[64],"density":[65,215],"length":[69],"time":[71,139],"visitors":[72],"linger":[73],"business.":[76],"We":[77,95,160],"analyzed":[78],"trends":[79,129],"traffic":[81,100],"patterns":[82],"1,272,260":[84],"across":[86,130],"eight":[87],"from":[89,208],"January":[90],"2020":[91],"June":[93],"2020.":[94],"found":[96,161],"potentially":[98],"risky":[99],"behaviors":[101],"at":[102,154],"decreased":[104],"30%":[106],"April.":[108],"Since":[109],"end":[111],"April,":[113],"has":[117],"been":[118],"increasing":[119],"reopen.":[122],"There":[123],"are":[124],"some":[125],"notable":[126],"differences":[127],"industries.":[133],"Finally,":[134],"showed":[136],"series":[140],"useful":[148],"forecasting":[150],"future":[151],"cases":[153,180],"county-level":[156],"(P":[157],"<":[158],"0.001).":[159],"an":[163,175,224],"increase":[164,176],"county's":[167],"associated":[173],"with":[174],"positive":[178],"1":[182],"week":[183],"(IRR:":[184],"1.16,":[185],"95%":[186],"CI:":[187],"(1.1-1.26)).":[188],"Our":[189],"provides":[192],"way":[194],"policymakers":[196],"hospital":[198],"decision-makers":[199],"monitor":[201,229],"based":[210],"on":[211],"frequency":[213],"businesses.":[219],"This":[220],"can":[221],"serve":[222],"important":[225],"metric":[226],"evaluate":[231],"their":[232],"reopening":[233],"strategies.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
