{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3029881688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5","title":"Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare","display_name":"Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3029881688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5","mag":"3029881688","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529043"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0288-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0288-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044037386","display_name":"Davide Cirillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4982-4716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Davide Cirillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain","Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4982-4716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015502598","display_name":"Silvina Catuara\u2010Solarz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1514-0431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130830","display_name":"Women's Brain Project","ror":"https://ror.org/043afjr64","country_code":"CH","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134591","display_name":"Telefonica Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03qgzzb04","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190","https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}],"countries":["CH","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvina Catuara-Solarz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Innovation Alpha Health, Torre Telefonica, Pla\u00e7a d'Ernest Lluch i Martin, 5, 08019 Barcelona, Spain","The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland","Telefonica Innovation Alpha Health, Torre Telefonica, Pla\u00e7a d'Ernest Lluch i Martin, 5, 08019, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Innovation Alpha Health, Torre Telefonica, Pla\u00e7a d'Ernest Lluch i Martin, 5, 08019 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Innovation Alpha Health, Torre Telefonica, Pla\u00e7a d'Ernest Lluch i Martin, 5, 08019, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005168719","display_name":"Czuee Morey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130830","display_name":"Women's Brain Project","ror":"https://ror.org/043afjr64","country_code":"CH","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135578","display_name":"Allgemeine Gewerbeschule Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/03q5hdj87","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135578"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Czuee Morey","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland","Wega Informatik AG, Aeschengraben 20, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wega Informatik AG, Aeschengraben 20, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005406523","display_name":"Emre G\u00fcney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3466-6535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","display_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","ror":"https://ror.org/04n0g0b29","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801864671","display_name":"Barcelona Biomedical Research Park","ror":"https://ror.org/05sajct49","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801864671"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Guney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Research Institute and Pompeu Fabra University, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain","Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Research Institute and Pompeu Fabra University, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3466-6535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Research Institute and Pompeu Fabra University, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558","https://openalex.org/I2801864671"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Research Institute and Pompeu Fabra University, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042895080","display_name":"Laia Subirats","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8646-5463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138847295","display_name":"Universitat Oberta de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5wp925","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138847295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laia Subirats","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eurecat - Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, C/ Bilbao, 72, Edifici A, 08005 Barcelona, Spain","eHealth Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018 Barcelona, Spain","Eurecat - Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, C/ Bilbao, 72, Edifici A, 08005, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8646-5463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eurecat - Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, C/ Bilbao, 72, Edifici A, 08005 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"eHealth Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138847295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eurecat - Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, C/ Bilbao, 72, Edifici A, 08005, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031324327","display_name":"Simona Mellino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130830","display_name":"Women's Brain Project","ror":"https://ror.org/043afjr64","country_code":"CH","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simona Mellino","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068988087","display_name":"Annalisa Gigante","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130830","display_name":"Women's Brain Project","ror":"https://ror.org/043afjr64","country_code":"CH","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annalisa Gigante","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015217651","display_name":"Alfonso Valencia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8937-6789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11932220","display_name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats","ror":"https://ror.org/0371hy230","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11932220"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfonso Valencia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain","ICREA, Pg. Llu\u00eds Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain","Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICREA, Pg. Llu\u00eds Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11932220"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006463369","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Rementeria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3140-1160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Rementeria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain","Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona, 29, 08034, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030966278","display_name":"Antonella Santuccione Chadha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-3129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130830","display_name":"Women's Brain Project","ror":"https://ror.org/043afjr64","country_code":"CH","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonella Santuccione Chadha","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000536361","display_name":"Nikolaos Mavridis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130830","display_name":"Women's Brain Project","ror":"https://ror.org/043afjr64","country_code":"CH","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Mavridis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interactive Robots and Media Laboratory (IRML), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interactive Robots and Media Laboratory (IRML), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Women's Brain Project (WBP), Guntershausen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044037386"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":46.9421,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":523,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99878224,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"81","last_page":"81"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13252","display_name":"Sex and Gender in Healthcare","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13252","display_name":"Sex and Gender in Healthcare","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13656","display_name":"Science, Research, and Medicine","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2743","display_name":"Reproductive Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.9222000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedicine","display_name":"Biomedicine","score":0.862696647644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-medicine","display_name":"Precision medicine","score":0.643996000289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5917946696281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.5695403218269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.5248222947120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.4956551790237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46792009472846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.46002426743507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.45725148916244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"Inequality","score":0.42270219326019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4185439646244049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4176395535469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3881991505622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.26671674847602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11936944723129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.11910918354988098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.11742466688156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"Bioinformatics","score":0.10907787084579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.09894871711730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.09773609042167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.08479097485542297}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66782513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864601","display_name":"Biomedicine","level":2,"score":0.862696647644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.643996000289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5917946696281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5695403218269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5248222947120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4956551790237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46792009472846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.46002426743507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.45725148916244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.42270219326019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4185439646244049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4176395535469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3881991505622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.26671674847602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11936944723129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.11910918354988098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11742466688156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.10907787084579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.09894871711730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09773609042167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.08479097485542297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0288-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32529043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:upcommonspor::ce50bced8fe78f419a2572a15a9470a3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2117/190259","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2117/190259","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/190259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117/190259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a828eca8fdeb4d18a319bb90784a8994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a828eca8fdeb4d18a319bb90784a8994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7264169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7264169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0288-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G302012681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"116030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314178","funder_display_name":"European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3766693508","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"116030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4193446334","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013-2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334923","funder_display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4333900429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013-2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5278229474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"116030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326631","funder_display_name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8435999542","display_name":"Translational quantitative systems toxicology to improve the understanding of the safety of medicines - Sofia: 116030","funder_award_id":"116030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314178","display_name":"European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations","ror":"https://ror.org/00g1x4v36"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323868","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326631","display_name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","ror":"https://ror.org/019af4n30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334923","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3029881688.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3029881688.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":139,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170862112","https://openalex.org/W341756596","https://openalex.org/W595652401","https://openalex.org/W1492620247","https://openalex.org/W1518469230","https://openalex.org/W1569397376","https://openalex.org/W1584793850","https://openalex.org/W1971557336","https://openalex.org/W1978594384","https://openalex.org/W1989884455","https://openalex.org/W1996579832","https://openalex.org/W1997185504","https://openalex.org/W1999105610","https://openalex.org/W2007180473","https://openalex.org/W2008158645","https://openalex.org/W2011195206","https://openalex.org/W2019138349","https://openalex.org/W2019789239","https://openalex.org/W2025403586","https://openalex.org/W2033074509","https://openalex.org/W2036594590","https://openalex.org/W2040262898","https://openalex.org/W2045019335","https://openalex.org/W2059373137","https://openalex.org/W2063170297","https://openalex.org/W2086632167","https://openalex.org/W2087262651","https://openalex.org/W2087547434","https://openalex.org/W2093065590","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2108475224","https://openalex.org/W2115683309","https://openalex.org/W2117344524","https://openalex.org/W2121841953","https://openalex.org/W2126276057","https://openalex.org/W2126828346","https://openalex.org/W2131093315","https://openalex.org/W2133574018","https://openalex.org/W2139875525","https://openalex.org/W2139998668","https://openalex.org/W2140038023","https://openalex.org/W2141599568","https://openalex.org/W2149280200","https://openalex.org/W2153116947","https://openalex.org/W2153243792","https://openalex.org/W2154677576","https://openalex.org/W2155981773","https://openalex.org/W2158453552","https://openalex.org/W2162670686","https://openalex.org/W2164364358","https://openalex.org/W2164410015","https://openalex.org/W2165111926","https://openalex.org/W2169597261","https://openalex.org/W2172180370","https://openalex.org/W2193493665","https://openalex.org/W2194366276","https://openalex.org/W2270987730","https://openalex.org/W2293723806","https://openalex.org/W2311783643","https://openalex.org/W2324956000","https://openalex.org/W2341028609","https://openalex.org/W2347156995","https://openalex.org/W2404901863","https://openalex.org/W2471654745","https://openalex.org/W2525035644","https://openalex.org/W2531072432","https://openalex.org/W2552997063","https://openalex.org/W2588377224","https://openalex.org/W2588917609","https://openalex.org/W2604860225","https://openalex.org/W2610509910","https://openalex.org/W2622927176","https://openalex.org/W2623779865","https://openalex.org/W2671308999","https://openalex.org/W2737066923","https://openalex.org/W2740983644","https://openalex.org/W2741213675","https://openalex.org/W2752747624","https://openalex.org/W2752766789","https://openalex.org/W2760255222","https://openalex.org/W2766712350","https://openalex.org/W2769358515","https://openalex.org/W2769597399","https://openalex.org/W2769742875","https://openalex.org/W2775553766","https://openalex.org/W2781752134","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2789955061","https://openalex.org/W2790179710","https://openalex.org/W2791600159","https://openalex.org/W2798149087","https://openalex.org/W2798203717","https://openalex.org/W2801264239","https://openalex.org/W2801834301","https://openalex.org/W2802105481","https://openalex.org/W2803176146","https://openalex.org/W2803356376","https://openalex.org/W2806112435","https://openalex.org/W2806864282","https://openalex.org/W2810454451","https://openalex.org/W2834941082","https://openalex.org/W2883457138","https://openalex.org/W2886281300","https://openalex.org/W2886342482","https://openalex.org/W2886788613","https://openalex.org/W2887377515","https://openalex.org/W2888316139","https://openalex.org/W2902802452","https://openalex.org/W2905322176","https://openalex.org/W2906199739","https://openalex.org/W2914514892","https://openalex.org/W2917272172","https://openalex.org/W2917347002","https://openalex.org/W2920041378","https://openalex.org/W2921360616","https://openalex.org/W2921623465","https://openalex.org/W2923649002","https://openalex.org/W2924050599","https://openalex.org/W2943742161","https://openalex.org/W2947175323","https://openalex.org/W2947180809","https://openalex.org/W2948998194","https://openalex.org/W2950018712","https://openalex.org/W2950783154","https://openalex.org/W2950888501","https://openalex.org/W2952638532","https://openalex.org/W2955115809","https://openalex.org/W2955662239","https://openalex.org/W2957285709","https://openalex.org/W2958089299","https://openalex.org/W2963116854","https://openalex.org/W2981869278","https://openalex.org/W2991215099","https://openalex.org/W4231944115","https://openalex.org/W4234139345","https://openalex.org/W4251915302","https://openalex.org/W4254505967","https://openalex.org/W4255414603","https://openalex.org/W6819490522"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017899917","https://openalex.org/W2080571363","https://openalex.org/W2481322495","https://openalex.org/W2898682754","https://openalex.org/W2889841093","https://openalex.org/W2151082141","https://openalex.org/W2365236913","https://openalex.org/W3194374240","https://openalex.org/W2993861175","https://openalex.org/W4402987654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Precision":[0,144],"Medicine":[1],"implies":[2],"a":[3,27,135],"deep":[4],"understanding":[5,24],"of":[6,32,35,46,68,84,87,137],"inter-individual":[7],"differences":[8,102,110],"in":[9,106,134,141],"health":[10,99,159],"and":[11,18,56,92,95,100,115,131,160,163],"disease":[12,101,161],"that":[13,42],"are":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,98,143,151,155],"genetic":[17],"environmental":[19],"factors.":[20],"To":[21],"acquire":[22],"such":[23],"there":[25],"is":[26],"need":[28],"for":[29,78,108],"the":[30,44,60,69,82,85,90,128,157],"implementation":[31],"different":[33],"types":[34],"technologies":[36,74,139],"based":[37],"on":[38],"artificial":[39],"intelligence":[40],"(AI)":[41],"enable":[43],"identification":[45],"biomedically":[47],"relevant":[48],"patterns,":[49],"facilitating":[50],"progress":[51],"towards":[52],"individually":[53],"tailored":[54],"preventative":[55],"therapeutic":[57],"interventions.":[58],"Despite":[59],"significant":[61],"scientific":[62],"advances":[63],"achieved":[64],"so":[65],"far,":[66],"most":[67],"currently":[70],"used":[71,140],"biomedical":[72,138],"AI":[73],"do":[75],"not":[76],"account":[77],"bias":[79],"detection.":[80],"Furthermore,":[81],"design":[83],"majority":[86],"algorithms":[88],"ignore":[89],"sex":[91,130],"gender":[93,132],"dimension":[94],"its":[96],"contribution":[97],"among":[103],"individuals.":[104],"Failure":[105],"accounting":[107],"these":[109],"will":[111],"generate":[112],"sub-optimal":[113],"results":[114],"produce":[116],"mistakes":[117],"as":[118,120],"well":[119],"discriminatory":[121],"outcomes.":[122],"In":[123,146],"this":[124],"review":[125],"we":[126,148],"examine":[127],"current":[129],"gaps":[133],"subset":[136],"relation":[142],"Medicine.":[145],"addition,":[147],"provide":[149],"recommendations":[150],"optimize":[152],"their":[153],"utilization":[154],"improve":[156],"global":[158],"landscape":[162],"decrease":[164],"inequalities.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":113},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":111},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":107},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":86},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}