{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3017330637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0258-y","title":"Protected Health Information filter (Philter): accurately and securely de-identifying free-text clinical notes","display_name":"Protected Health Information filter (Philter): accurately and securely de-identifying free-text clinical notes","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3017330637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0258-y","mag":"3017330637","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32337372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0258-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0258-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0258-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0258-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080060046","display_name":"Beau Norgeot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-701X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beau Norgeot","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041892427","display_name":"Kathleen Muenzen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathleen Muenzen","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006527008","display_name":"Thomas A. Peterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2562-6574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas A. Peterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086682476","display_name":"Xuancheng Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuancheng Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030539003","display_name":"Benjamin S. Glicksberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4515-8090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin S. Glicksberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016363566","display_name":"Gundolf Schenk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1240-9949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gundolf Schenk","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059146355","display_name":"Eugenia Rutenberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugenia Rutenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072991042","display_name":"Boris Oskotsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9364-7051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Oskotsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086033147","display_name":"Marina Sirota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7246-6083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marina Sirota","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027451778","display_name":"Jinoos Yazdany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3508-4094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76766440","display_name":"University of San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/029m7xn54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76766440"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinoos Yazdany","raw_affiliation_strings":["2Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191","https://openalex.org/I76766440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037692645","display_name":"Gabriela Schmajuk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1315708478","display_name":"San Francisco VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/049peqw80","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478","https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76766440","display_name":"University of San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/029m7xn54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76766440"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriela Schmajuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["2Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","3San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA","Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191","https://openalex.org/I76766440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056578157","display_name":"Dana Ludwig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dana Ludwig","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050829701","display_name":"Theodore C. Goldstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7424-5041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theodore Goldstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036068985","display_name":"Atul J. Butte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-2740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100254","display_name":"Clinical Insights","ror":"https://ror.org/0168sna55","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100254"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Atul J. Butte","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","Center for Data-Driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, Oakland, CA USA","Center for Data-Driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, Oakland, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data-Driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, Oakland, CA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100254"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data-Driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, Oakland, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036068985"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242","https://openalex.org/I4210100254"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":14.4644,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9875686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"57","last_page":"57"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14400","display_name":"Medical Coding and Health Information","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.756977915763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.6164240837097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6112473607063293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protected-health-information","display_name":"Protected health information","score":0.5944176912307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4927883446216583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.45316874980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3635275363922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.32744312286376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.1670398712158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.13413232564926147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-policy","display_name":"Health policy","score":0.12805965542793274}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.756977915763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6164240837097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6112473607063293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133652896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251300","display_name":"Protected health information","level":5,"score":0.5944176912307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4927883446216583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.45316874980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3635275363922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32744312286376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.1670398712158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.13413232564926147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.12805965542793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147268084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5635796","display_name":"HRHIS","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0258-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0258-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0258-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32337372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32337372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:65f57d47a8274a3a8bf988b25258315d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/65f57d47a8274a3a8bf988b25258315d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0q9129g2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0q9129g2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, vol 3, iss 1","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7156708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7156708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0258-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0258-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0258-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1176383031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1 TR001872","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2186499581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K01 LM012381","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2581179093","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 HS024412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332177","funder_display_name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2808180670","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1 TR0018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2895356224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TR001872","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3445995358","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24 CA195858","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5437152916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1 TR001872","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6245908341","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1 TR001872","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332622","funder_display_name":"University of California, San Francisco"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7069148707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K23 AR063770","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7120641930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TR001872","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7714885447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K01 LM012381","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7973096344","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K23 AR063770","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8004412260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AR070155","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306192","display_name":"Silicon Valley Community Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/001ader08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310358","display_name":"Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/054awkm93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332177","display_name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/03jmfdf59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332622","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017330637.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017330637.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1034374084","https://openalex.org/W1995228216","https://openalex.org/W1997057722","https://openalex.org/W2013770071","https://openalex.org/W2015620729","https://openalex.org/W2065784179","https://openalex.org/W2096797897","https://openalex.org/W2115792042","https://openalex.org/W2146089916","https://openalex.org/W2151376632","https://openalex.org/W2160987310","https://openalex.org/W2161880183","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2164695063","https://openalex.org/W2190333735","https://openalex.org/W2317648909","https://openalex.org/W2327091741","https://openalex.org/W2346834216","https://openalex.org/W2621075239","https://openalex.org/W2767344512","https://openalex.org/W2786925566","https://openalex.org/W2906311950","https://openalex.org/W2963956191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W2410053581","https://openalex.org/W2383658677","https://openalex.org/W3123203398","https://openalex.org/W3107784576","https://openalex.org/W623104033","https://openalex.org/W1972473893","https://openalex.org/W2466435674","https://openalex.org/W2765200542","https://openalex.org/W34655408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,11,47,114],"a":[2,15,152,169],"great":[3],"and":[4,28,66,77,95,128,167,185,189],"growing":[5],"need":[6],"to":[7,132],"ascertain":[8],"what":[9],"exactly":[10],"the":[12,32,51,74,84,89,96,158,183],"state":[13],"of":[14,19,34,54,58,62,86,187],"patient,":[16],"in":[17,37],"terms":[18],"disease":[20],"progression,":[21],"actual":[22],"care":[23],"practices,":[24],"pathology,":[25],"adverse":[26,59],"events,":[27],"much":[29],"more,":[30],"beyond":[31],"paucity":[33],"data":[35,45],"available":[36],"structured":[38],"medical":[39,147],"record":[40],"data.":[41,119],"Ascertaining":[42],"these":[43],"harder-to-reach":[44],"elements":[46],"now":[48],"critical":[49],"for":[50,104,165],"accurate":[52],"phenotyping":[53],"complex":[55],"traits,":[56],"detection":[57],"outcomes,":[60],"efficacy":[61],"off-label":[63],"drug":[64],"use,":[65,137],"longitudinal":[67],"patient":[68],"surveillance.":[69],"Clinical":[70],"notes":[71,100],"often":[72],"contain":[73,108],"most":[75],"detailed":[76],"relevant":[78],"digital":[79],"information":[80],"about":[81],"individual":[82],"patients,":[83],"nuances":[85],"their":[87],"diseases,":[88],"treatment":[90],"strategies":[91],"selected":[92],"by":[93],"physicians,":[94],"resulting":[97],"outcomes.":[98],"However,":[99],"remain":[101],"largely":[102],"unused":[103],"research":[105],"because":[106,139],"they":[107,140],"Protected":[109],"Health":[110,177],"Information":[111,178],"(PHI),":[112],"which":[113],"synonymous":[115],"with":[116,144],"individually":[117],"identifying":[118],"Previous":[120],"clinical":[121,162],"note":[122,163],"de-identification":[123,154,172],"approaches":[124],"have":[125,141],"been":[126,142],"rigid":[127],"still":[129],"too":[130,145],"inaccurate":[131],"see":[133],"any":[134],"substantial":[135,194],"real-world":[136,195],"primarily":[138],"trained":[143],"small":[146],"text":[148],"corpora.":[149],"To":[150],"build":[151],"new":[153],"tool,":[155],"we":[156,181],"created":[157],"largest":[159],"manually":[160],"annotated":[161],"corpus":[164],"PHI":[166],"develop":[168],"customizable":[170],"open-source":[171],"software":[173],"called":[174],"Philter":[175],"(\"Protected":[176],"filter\").":[179],"Here":[180],"describe":[182],"design":[184],"evaluation":[186],"Philter,":[188],"show":[190],"how":[191],"it":[192],"offers":[193],"improvements":[196],"over":[197],"prior":[198],"methods.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
