{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005348902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0226-6","title":"Investigating sources of inaccuracy in wearable optical heart rate sensors","display_name":"Investigating sources of inaccuracy in wearable optical heart rate sensors","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005348902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0226-6","mag":"3005348902","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32047863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0226-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0226-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0226-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0226-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074627930","display_name":"Brinnae Bent","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7039-0177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brinnae Bent","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067727757","display_name":"Benjamin A. Goldstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5261-3632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin A. Goldstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["2Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038170232","display_name":"Warren A. Kibbe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5622-7659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Warren A. Kibbe","raw_affiliation_strings":["2Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5622-7659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005786784","display_name":"Jessilyn Dunn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3241-8183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessilyn P. Dunn","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","2Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3241-8183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074627930"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":30.8338,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":616,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99942712,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.8471012115478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.8455929160118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.7788381576538086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5795530676841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartwatch","display_name":"Smartwatch","score":0.5154920220375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4928121864795685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.40659135580062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.34126707911491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.321147620677948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17003464698791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.15759998559951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15026140213012695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.8471012115478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.8455929160118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.7788381576538086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5795530676841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29794715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362345","display_name":"Smartwatch","level":3,"score":0.5154920220375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4928121864795685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.40659135580062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34126707911491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.321147620677948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17003464698791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.15759998559951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15026140213012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0226-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0226-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0226-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32047863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32047863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:80ba2cc27bce46bf8b4662d44edc2cff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/80ba2cc27bce46bf8b4662d44edc2cff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7010823","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7010823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0226-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0226-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0226-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005348902.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005348902.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966473319","https://openalex.org/W1988681682","https://openalex.org/W2020476250","https://openalex.org/W2055999471","https://openalex.org/W2057882064","https://openalex.org/W2066932506","https://openalex.org/W2069512242","https://openalex.org/W2087851757","https://openalex.org/W2089724274","https://openalex.org/W2108489044","https://openalex.org/W2142600751","https://openalex.org/W2205563059","https://openalex.org/W2294523693","https://openalex.org/W2294744698","https://openalex.org/W2390680135","https://openalex.org/W2395644623","https://openalex.org/W2462711463","https://openalex.org/W2465675980","https://openalex.org/W2487490609","https://openalex.org/W2530450109","https://openalex.org/W2548927705","https://openalex.org/W2618581983","https://openalex.org/W2675618241","https://openalex.org/W2759190050","https://openalex.org/W2765157217","https://openalex.org/W2795942236","https://openalex.org/W2805787563","https://openalex.org/W2889730139","https://openalex.org/W2894956427","https://openalex.org/W2900058591","https://openalex.org/W2902173987","https://openalex.org/W2912732526","https://openalex.org/W2914376548","https://openalex.org/W2969220010","https://openalex.org/W3016443966","https://openalex.org/W4233226855","https://openalex.org/W4250928742","https://openalex.org/W4298407818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3140922578","https://openalex.org/W3041872367","https://openalex.org/W4285587629","https://openalex.org/W4205793574","https://openalex.org/W4225612652","https://openalex.org/W2765158217","https://openalex.org/W3047531582","https://openalex.org/W2599755607","https://openalex.org/W2762811937","https://openalex.org/W2756171776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"wearable":[1,34,51],"technologies":[2,35],"are":[3,54,81,205],"being":[4],"increasingly":[5],"used":[6],"for":[7,56,89,231],"clinical":[8],"research":[9,26,45],"and":[10,19,28,46,58,115,142,147,156,181,211,234,243],"healthcare,":[11],"it":[12],"is":[13,72],"critical":[14],"to":[15,153,157,224],"understand":[16],"their":[17,63],"accuracy":[18,61,127,170],"determine":[20],"how":[21],"measurement":[22],"errors":[23],"may":[24],"affect":[25],"conclusions":[27,200],"impact":[29],"healthcare":[30],"decision-making.":[31],"Accuracy":[32],"of":[33,62,128,134],"has":[36,123,229],"been":[37],"a":[38],"hotly":[39],"debated":[40],"topic":[41],"in":[42,92,100,169,222,226,236],"both":[43],"the":[44,60,69,96,126,131],"popular":[47],"science":[48],"literature.":[49],"Currently,":[50],"technology":[52],"companies":[53],"responsible":[55],"assessing":[57],"reporting":[59],"products,":[64],"but":[65,174,216],"little":[66],"information":[67],"about":[68],"evaluation":[70],"method":[71,88],"made":[73],"publicly":[74],"available.":[75],"Heart":[76],"rate":[77,141],"measurements":[78],"from":[79,83,103,145],"wearables":[80,129,149,204],"derived":[82],"photoplethysmography":[84],"(PPG),":[85],"an":[86],"optical":[87],"measuring":[90],"changes":[91,225],"blood":[93],"volume":[94],"under":[95,150],"skin.":[97],"Potential":[98],"inaccuracies":[99,161],"PPG":[101,143],"stem":[102],"three":[104],"major":[105],"areas,":[106],"includes":[107],"(1)":[108],"diverse":[109],"skin":[110,135,172],"types,":[111,184],"(2)":[112],"motion":[113],"artifacts,":[114],"(3)":[116],"signal":[117],"crossover.":[118],"To":[119],"date,":[120],"no":[121,165],"study":[122,238,241],"systematically":[124],"explored":[125,139],"across":[130,171],"full":[132],"range":[133],"tones.":[136],"Here,":[137],"we":[138,175],"heart":[140,214],"data":[144],"consumer-":[146],"research-grade":[148],"multiple":[151],"circumstances":[152],"test":[154],"whether":[155],"what":[158],"extent":[159],"these":[160,248],"exist.":[162],"We":[163],"saw":[164,176],"statistically":[166],"significant":[167,177],"difference":[168],"tones,":[173],"differences":[178,218],"between":[179,182,220],"devices,":[180],"activity":[183,190],"notably,":[185],"that":[186,202,217],"absolute":[187],"error":[188],"during":[189,197],"was,":[191],"on":[192],"average,":[193],"30%":[194],"higher":[195],"than":[196],"rest.":[198],"Our":[199],"indicate":[201],"different":[203],"all":[206],"reasonably":[207],"accurate":[208],"at":[209],"resting":[210],"prolonged":[212],"elevated":[213],"rate,":[215],"exist":[219],"devices":[221],"responding":[223],"activity.":[227],"This":[228],"implications":[230],"researchers,":[232],"clinicians,":[233],"consumers":[235],"drawing":[237],"conclusions,":[239],"combining":[240],"results,":[242],"making":[244],"health-related":[245],"decisions":[246],"using":[247],"devices.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":118},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":116},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":108},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":118},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":99},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2020-02-14T00:00:00"}
