{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3121506861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-00380-6","title":"Stress testing reveals gaps in clinic readiness of image-based diagnostic artificial intelligence models","display_name":"Stress testing reveals gaps in clinic readiness of image-based diagnostic artificial intelligence models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3121506861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-00380-6","mag":"3121506861","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33479460"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-00380-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-00380-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-00380-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-00380-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034622169","display_name":"Albert T. Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4088-2488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert T. Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050406490","display_name":"Kristen Fernandez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-825X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristen Fernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010933763","display_name":"Jacob Pfau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-8465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Pfau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021685911","display_name":"Rasika Reddy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rasika Reddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061947876","display_name":"Nhat Anh Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1210-7185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nhat Anh Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043769653","display_name":"Max von Franque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5232-6454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Y. von Franque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026433756","display_name":"Arjun Johal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arjun Johal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002278003","display_name":"Benjamin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9728-5708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin V. Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070051331","display_name":"Rachel R. Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel R. Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017031705","display_name":"Jennifer Y. Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Y. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023160311","display_name":"Raj P. Fadadu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raj P. Fadadu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102262715","display_name":"Juan A. Vasquez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan A. Vasquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039208463","display_name":"Andrew Tam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8136-7186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Tam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001435363","display_name":"Michael J. Keiser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1240-2192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I243586174","display_name":"Keiser University","ror":"https://ror.org/01s383j21","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I243586174"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Keiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA. keiser@keiserlab.org","Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA. keiser@keiserlab.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243586174"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015993165","display_name":"Maria L. Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-1921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143381","display_name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9q2h37","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167126","display_name":"UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05yndxy10","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191","https://openalex.org/I4210110664","https://openalex.org/I4210167126"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria L. Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. maria.wei@ucsf.edu","Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA. maria.wei@ucsf.edu","Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. maria.wei@ucsf.edu","Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. maria.wei@ucsf.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA. maria.wei@ucsf.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. maria.wei@ucsf.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167126"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001435363"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191","https://openalex.org/I243586174"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":3.5782,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95061756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"10","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.8439983129501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7046988010406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6627646684646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6560094952583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6294876933097839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.579357385635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.48438435792922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41589540243148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33702048659324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13442882895469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11148899793624878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.8439983129501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7046988010406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6627646684646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6560094952583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6294876933097839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.579357385635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.48438435792922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41589540243148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33702048659324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13442882895469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11148899793624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-00380-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-00380-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-00380-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33479460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33479460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:ark:/13030/qt74g9q25w","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:89fc976ac492433b853698240fbfcfbb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/89fc976ac492433b853698240fbfcfbb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt74g9q25w","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/74g9q25w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine, vol 4, iss 1","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6748703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7820258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7820258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7820258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-020-00380-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-00380-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-00380-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1657139078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AG062517","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1667955211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TR001871","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2148595256","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5TL1TR001871-04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2370588454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"622732","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308296","funder_display_name":"Melanoma Research Alliance"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2966920088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TR001871","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3713472402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306878","funder_display_name":"American Skin Association"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6121019485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TL1TR001871","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G744869756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5TL1TR001871","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306134","display_name":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04n65rp89"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306878","display_name":"American Skin Association","ror":"https://ror.org/03k8x7365"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308296","display_name":"Melanoma Research Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/025ck6r46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332622","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337824","display_name":"Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/05yndxy10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3121506861.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3121506861.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2061253660","https://openalex.org/W2093274439","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2119910794","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2328176404","https://openalex.org/W2346705140","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2626967530","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2806487945","https://openalex.org/W2917303411","https://openalex.org/W2921785317","https://openalex.org/W2937742783","https://openalex.org/W2944434778","https://openalex.org/W2945033152","https://openalex.org/W2949038240","https://openalex.org/W2951012047","https://openalex.org/W2951458896","https://openalex.org/W2952313545","https://openalex.org/W2961301154","https://openalex.org/W2969096242","https://openalex.org/W2970456043","https://openalex.org/W2976398475","https://openalex.org/W2980293085","https://openalex.org/W2993820249","https://openalex.org/W2997212544","https://openalex.org/W3000396219","https://openalex.org/W3007260230","https://openalex.org/W3012449740","https://openalex.org/W3013387448","https://openalex.org/W3014403957","https://openalex.org/W3025011581","https://openalex.org/W3035160371","https://openalex.org/W3036298167","https://openalex.org/W3096540902","https://openalex.org/W3102785203","https://openalex.org/W3105070630","https://openalex.org/W3177096435","https://openalex.org/W6765277196"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118717649","https://openalex.org/W2413243053","https://openalex.org/W410723623","https://openalex.org/W2015341305","https://openalex.org/W2035068594","https://openalex.org/W4225593417","https://openalex.org/W2573498121","https://openalex.org/W3022298670","https://openalex.org/W3160494304","https://openalex.org/W3006162251"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"models":[2,136],"match":[3],"or":[4,38,89,108,121],"exceed":[5],"dermatologists":[6],"in":[7,76,104,118],"melanoma":[8],"image":[9],"classification.":[10],"Less":[11],"is":[12,42],"known":[13],"about":[14],"their":[15],"robustness":[16],"against":[17],"real-world":[18,60],"variations,":[19],"and":[20],"clinicians":[21],"may":[22],"incorrectly":[23],"assume":[24],"that":[25,135],"a":[26,73],"model":[27],"with":[28,144],"an":[29],"acceptable":[30],"area":[31],"under":[32],"the":[33,51,81,105],"receiver":[34],"operating":[35],"characteristic":[36],"curve":[37],"related":[39],"performance":[40,52],"metric":[41],"ready":[43],"for":[44,124],"clinical":[45],"use.":[46],"Here,":[47],"we":[48],"systematically":[49],"assessed":[50],"of":[53,83,126],"dermatologist-level":[54],"convolutional":[55],"neural":[56],"networks":[57],"(CNNs)":[58],"on":[59,100],"non-curated":[61],"images":[62,101],"by":[63],"applying":[64],"computational":[65,145],"\"stress":[66],"tests\".":[67],"Our":[68,132],"goal":[69],"was":[70],"to":[71,78,93,110,148],"create":[72],"proxy":[74],"environment":[75],"which":[77],"comprehensively":[79],"test":[80,130],"generalizability":[82],"off-the-shelf":[84],"CNNs":[85],"developed":[86],"without":[87],"training":[88],"evaluation":[90],"protocols":[91],"specific":[92],"individual":[94],"clinics.":[95],"We":[96],"found":[97],"inconsistent":[98],"predictions":[99,123],"captured":[102],"repeatedly":[103],"same":[106],"setting":[107],"subjected":[109],"simple":[111],"transformations":[112,116],"(e.g.,":[113],"rotation).":[114],"Such":[115],"resulted":[117],"false":[119],"positive":[120],"negative":[122],"6.5-22%":[125],"skin":[127],"lesions":[128],"across":[129],"datasets.":[131],"findings":[133],"indicate":[134],"meeting":[137],"conventionally":[138],"reported":[139],"metrics":[140],"need":[141],"further":[142],"validation":[143],"stress":[146],"tests":[147],"assess":[149],"clinic":[150],"readiness.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
