{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3104972933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0170-5","title":"Towards scaling Twitter for digital epidemiology of birth defects","display_name":"Towards scaling Twitter for digital epidemiology of birth defects","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3104972933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0170-5","mag":"3104972933","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31583284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0170-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0170-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0170-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0170-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069654537","display_name":"Ari Z Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ari Z. Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA","Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086087170","display_name":"Abeed Sarker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7358-544X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abeed Sarker","raw_affiliation_strings":["2Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040948702","display_name":"Davy Weissenbacher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8331-3675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davy Weissenbacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA","Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022014033","display_name":"Graciela Gonzalez\u2010Hernandez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6416-9556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graciela Gonzalez-Hernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA","Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069654537"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":2.4566,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.919131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"96","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9362999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9362999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10978","display_name":"Prenatal Screening and Diagnostics","score":0.9247000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7707432508468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6924988031387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.684894323348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6084884405136108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5812218189239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5575023293495178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort","display_name":"Cohort","score":0.4611101448535919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3751610517501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.20190972089767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15390124917030334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7707432508468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6924988031387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.684894323348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6084884405136108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5812218189239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5575023293495178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.4611101448535919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3751610517501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.20190972089767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15390124917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0170-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0170-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0170-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31583284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31583284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c77e875024cc481a861814db0e23c586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c77e875024cc481a861814db0e23c586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6773753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6773753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0170-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0170-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0170-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3359036485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01LM011176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3497591915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NIH)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4465523211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01LM011176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3104972933.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3104972933.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W371426616","https://openalex.org/W1444168786","https://openalex.org/W1510526001","https://openalex.org/W1941659294","https://openalex.org/W1982020971","https://openalex.org/W2027231978","https://openalex.org/W2053724458","https://openalex.org/W2063904635","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2068594674","https://openalex.org/W2071478164","https://openalex.org/W2082382358","https://openalex.org/W2098162425","https://openalex.org/W2111277091","https://openalex.org/W2121829472","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2162051395","https://openalex.org/W2178297453","https://openalex.org/W2188930850","https://openalex.org/W2224826979","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2286622672","https://openalex.org/W2403674414","https://openalex.org/W2435251607","https://openalex.org/W2551429935","https://openalex.org/W2562319768","https://openalex.org/W2564631132","https://openalex.org/W2587944265","https://openalex.org/W2617245041","https://openalex.org/W2618414694","https://openalex.org/W2739645591","https://openalex.org/W2765875219","https://openalex.org/W2767106145","https://openalex.org/W2798808360","https://openalex.org/W2892240687","https://openalex.org/W2894640520","https://openalex.org/W2895296143","https://openalex.org/W2895756207","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2963353710","https://openalex.org/W4211190572","https://openalex.org/W4239166088","https://openalex.org/W4248469527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W2104657898","https://openalex.org/W1948992892","https://openalex.org/W1886884218","https://openalex.org/W1910826599","https://openalex.org/W2012353789","https://openalex.org/W2530420969","https://openalex.org/W2051187167"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"media":[1,40,212],"has":[2,67],"recently":[3],"been":[4],"used":[5,72,221],"to":[6,52,76,92,120,222],"identify":[7,166,223],"and":[8,78,84,117,145,232,240],"study":[9,179],"a":[10,42,59,68,203,234],"small":[11],"cohort":[12,60],"of":[13,24,57,61,106,139,177],"Twitter":[14],"users":[15,169,189,225],"whose":[16],"pregnancies":[17],"with":[18,115],"birth":[19,69,102,111,162,192],"defect":[20,193],"outcomes-the":[21],"leading":[22],"cause":[23],"infant":[25],"mortality-could":[26],"be":[27,220],"observed":[28],"via":[29],"their":[30,65,191],"publicly":[31,235],"available":[32,236],"tweets.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35,122,178],"study,":[36],"we":[37,113],"exploit":[38],"social":[39,211],"on":[41,156],"larger":[43],"scale":[44],"by":[45,188],"developing":[46],"natural":[47],"language":[48],"processing":[49],"(NLP)":[50],"methods":[51,183],"automatically":[53,88,185],"detect,":[54],"among":[55],"thousands":[56],"users,":[58],"mothers":[62],"reporting":[63,190],"that":[64,99,160,197,216],"child":[66],"defect.":[70],"We":[71,152],"22,999":[73],"annotated":[74],"tweets":[75,90,98,108,159,187],"train":[77],"evaluate":[79],"supervised":[80,242],"machine":[81,243],"learning":[82,244],"algorithms-feature-engineered":[83],"deep":[85,204],"learning-based":[86],"classifiers-that":[87],"distinguish":[89],"referring":[91],"the":[93,107,129,133,142,148,154],"user's":[94],"pregnancy":[95],"outcome":[96],"from":[97],"merely":[100,109],"mention":[101,110,161],"defects.":[103],"Because":[104],"90%":[105],"defects,":[112,163],"experimented":[114],"under-sampling":[116],"over-sampling":[118],"approaches":[119],"address":[121],"class":[123,144],"imbalance.":[124],"An":[125],"SVM":[126,199],"classifier":[127,155,200,207],"achieved":[128],"best":[130],"performance":[131],"for":[132,141,147,170,184,208,226,238],"two":[134],"positive":[135],"classes:":[136],"an":[137,198],"F<sub>1</sub>-score":[138],"0.65":[140],"\"defect\"":[143],"0.51":[146],"\"possible":[149],"defect\"":[150],"class.":[151],"deployed":[153],"20,457":[157],"unlabeled":[158],"which":[164],"helped":[165],"542":[167],"additional":[168,224],"potential":[171,227],"inclusion":[172,228],"in":[173,229],"our":[174,230],"cohort.":[175],"Contributions":[176],"include":[180],"(1)":[181],"NLP":[182],"detecting":[186],"outcomes,":[194],"(2)":[195],"findings":[196],"can":[201,219],"outperform":[202],"neural":[205],"network-based":[206],"highly":[209],"imbalanced":[210],"data,":[213],"(3)":[214],"evidence":[215],"automatic":[217],"classification":[218],"cohort,":[231],"(4)":[233],"corpus":[237],"training":[239],"evaluating":[241],"algorithms.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}