{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969425917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0154-5","title":"eHealth tools for the self-testing of visual acuity: a scoping review","display_name":"eHealth tools for the self-testing of visual acuity: a scoping review","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969425917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0154-5","mag":"2969425917","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31453377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0154-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0154-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0154-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0154-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026337636","display_name":"Wai Kent Yeung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8456-0635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799725268","display_name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04rrkhs81","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wai Kent Yeung","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8456-0635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268","https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009814030","display_name":"Piers Dawes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-9884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799725268","display_name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04rrkhs81","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Piers Dawes","raw_affiliation_strings":["2Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences, Manchester, UK","Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences, Manchester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268","https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014463929","display_name":"Annie Pye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4152-4260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799725268","display_name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04rrkhs81","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annie Pye","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4152-4260","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268","https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002129566","display_name":"Anna-Pavlina Charalambous","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201118511","display_name":"European University Cyprus","ror":"https://ror.org/04xp48827","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201118511"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna-Pavlina Charalambous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201118511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076743769","display_name":"Malcolm Neil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-3303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","display_name":"University of Dundee","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bxq36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malcolm Neil","raw_affiliation_strings":["3University of Dundee, Dundee, UK","University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3University of Dundee, Dundee, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Dundee, Dundee, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005781424","display_name":"Tariq Aslam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9739-7280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799725268","display_name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04rrkhs81","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092852","display_name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/00he80998","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092852"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Aslam","raw_affiliation_strings":["4Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK","5Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092852"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"5Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092852"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103122579","display_name":"Christine Dickinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2638-800X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799725268","display_name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04rrkhs81","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Dickinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["5Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268","https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087905370","display_name":"Iracema Leroi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1822-3643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799725268","display_name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04rrkhs81","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]}],"countries":["GB","IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iracema Leroi","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","6Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"6Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009814030"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799725268","https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":4.3132,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94810875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"82","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bespoke","display_name":"Bespoke","score":0.8870700597763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ehealth","display_name":"eHealth","score":0.7242225408554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-acuity","display_name":"Visual acuity","score":0.6549979448318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-impairment","display_name":"Visual impairment","score":0.5171898603439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold-standard","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","score":0.5074591040611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.47798722982406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4744739830493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4655953347682953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.34311020374298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3201548457145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.1472908854484558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.1200554370880127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44210515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16968978","display_name":"Bespoke","level":2,"score":0.8870700597763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202645933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4930","display_name":"eHealth","level":3,"score":0.7242225408554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778257484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555066","display_name":"Visual acuity","level":2,"score":0.6549979448318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781372952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visual impairment","level":2,"score":0.5171898603439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.5074591040611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.47798722982406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4744739830493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4655953347682953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34311020374298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3201548457145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.1472908854484558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.1200554370880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0154-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0154-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0154-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31453377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31453377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/5473740d-eb7b-4c19-afcb-51d487caeef9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/5473740d-eb7b-4c19-afcb-51d487caeef9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Yeung, W K, Dawes, P, Pye, A, Neil, M, Aslam, T, Dickinson, C & Leroi, I 2019, 'eHealth tools for the self-testing of visual acuity: a scoping review', n p j Digital Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0154-5","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:24686f34bd8c425f86fa61a58324e5a6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/24686f34bd8c425f86fa61a58324e5a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp 1-7 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6706420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6706420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0154-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0154-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0154-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1279135084","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"668648","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333687","display_name":"Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969425917.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969425917.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118483128","https://openalex.org/W191792423","https://openalex.org/W1554470992","https://openalex.org/W1596955939","https://openalex.org/W1964088771","https://openalex.org/W1979700331","https://openalex.org/W1988665951","https://openalex.org/W1995158113","https://openalex.org/W1998211972","https://openalex.org/W2003378131","https://openalex.org/W2025330148","https://openalex.org/W2037019306","https://openalex.org/W2044209232","https://openalex.org/W2049937773","https://openalex.org/W2056183152","https://openalex.org/W2071859760","https://openalex.org/W2072871834","https://openalex.org/W2073515279","https://openalex.org/W2101764630","https://openalex.org/W2104190633","https://openalex.org/W2127728884","https://openalex.org/W2148039314","https://openalex.org/W2169961704","https://openalex.org/W2185184214","https://openalex.org/W2219665030","https://openalex.org/W2295729065","https://openalex.org/W2326002085","https://openalex.org/W2395610126","https://openalex.org/W2461047544","https://openalex.org/W2481146223","https://openalex.org/W2484157872","https://openalex.org/W2513407075","https://openalex.org/W2755926469","https://openalex.org/W2760862540","https://openalex.org/W2761604622","https://openalex.org/W2808132696","https://openalex.org/W2889670233","https://openalex.org/W2991968875","https://openalex.org/W4239693958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181465263","https://openalex.org/W2232750048","https://openalex.org/W2806540758","https://openalex.org/W4244794230","https://openalex.org/W2966906842","https://openalex.org/W4385256045","https://openalex.org/W2997784300","https://openalex.org/W4327741229","https://openalex.org/W1595972774","https://openalex.org/W107522029"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Uncorrected":[0],"refractive":[1],"error":[2],"is":[3,11,20,46,148],"a":[4,36,47,126,149],"major":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,17,39,50,55,153,158],"vision":[8,18],"impairment,":[9],"and":[10,25,53,79,103],"indexed":[12],"by":[13,122],"visual":[14,59,159],"acuity.":[15,60],"Availability":[16],"assessment":[19],"limited":[21],"in":[22,26,29,86],"low/middle-income":[23],"countries":[24],"minority":[27],"groups":[28],"high":[30],"income":[31],"countries.":[32],"eHealth":[33],"tools":[34,56,97,140,154],"offer":[35],"solution;":[37],"two-thirds":[38],"the":[40,51,156],"globe":[41],"own":[42],"mobile":[43],"devices.":[44],"This":[45],"scoping":[48],"review":[49],"number":[52],"quality":[54],"for":[57,64,151,155],"self-testing":[58,157],"Software":[61],"applications":[62],"intended":[63],"professional":[65],"clinical":[66],"use":[67],"were":[68,72,89,98],"excluded.":[69],"Keyword":[70],"searches":[71],"conducted":[73],"on":[74],"Google":[75,77],"online,":[76],"Play":[78],"iOS":[80],"store.":[81],"The":[82,114],"first":[83],"100":[84],"hits":[85],"each":[87],"search":[88],"screened":[90],"against":[91,134],"inclusion":[92],"criteria.":[93],"After":[94],"screening,":[95],"42":[96],"reviewed.":[99],"Tools":[100],"assessed":[101],"near":[102],"distance":[104],"vision.":[105],"About":[106],"half":[107],"(<i>n</i>":[108,116],"=":[109,117],"20)":[110],"used":[111],"bespoke":[112],"optotypes.":[113],"majority":[115],"25)":[118],"presented":[119],"optotypes":[120],"one":[121,130],"one.":[123],"Four":[124],"included":[125],"calibration":[127],"procedure.":[128],"Only":[129],"tool":[131],"was":[132],"validated":[133],"gold":[135],"standard":[136],"measures.":[137],"Many":[138],"self-test":[139],"have":[141],"been":[142],"published,":[143],"but":[144],"lack":[145],"validation.":[146],"There":[147],"need":[150],"regulation":[152],"acuity":[160],"to":[161,167],"reduce":[162],"potential":[163],"risk":[164],"or":[165],"confusion":[166],"users.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-27T08:22:11.395708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
