{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963899699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0148-3","title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in clinical development: a translational perspective","display_name":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in clinical development: a translational perspective","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963899699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0148-3","mag":"2963899699","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31372505"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0148-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0148-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0148-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0148-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107442591","display_name":"Pratik Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-9325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pratik Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA USA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110265371","display_name":"Francis Kendall","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis Kendall","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA USA","F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Strategic Innovation, San Francisco, CA USA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Strategic Innovation, San Francisco, CA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064260271","display_name":"Sean Khozin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2206-7620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean Khozin","raw_affiliation_strings":["3US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD USA","US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048312528","display_name":"Ryan Goosen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726965","display_name":"Boston Consulting Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01526xe10","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726965"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Goosen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, MA USA","The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, MA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040300380","display_name":"Jianying Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7753-886X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianying Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["5IBM Research, Center for Computational Health, New York, NY USA","IBM Research, Center for Computational Health, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5IBM Research, Center for Computational Health, New York, NY USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Center for Computational Health, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007667789","display_name":"Jason M. Laramie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1473-7105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117619","display_name":"Novartis (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/028fhxy95","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283582996","https://openalex.org/I4210117619"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Laramie","raw_affiliation_strings":["6Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA USA","Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019041770","display_name":"Michael S. Ringel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5479-0018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726965","display_name":"Boston Consulting Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01526xe10","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726965"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Ringel","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, MA USA","The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, MA USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Boston Consulting Group, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726965"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077225971","display_name":"Nicholas J. Schork","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0920-5013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284308235","display_name":"Translational Genomics Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hfpnk21","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284308235"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Schork","raw_affiliation_strings":["7The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Quantitative Medicine and Systems Biology Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ USA","The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Quantitative Medicine and Systems Biology Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"7The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Quantitative Medicine and Systems Biology Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Quantitative Medicine and Systems Biology Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284308235"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107442591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":18.5813,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":494,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99150882,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"69","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.61543208360672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49667125940322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4920920729637146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4720348119735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.46403029561042786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.44432175159454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.4352208971977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.36489182710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3605455756187439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.19880789518356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.12445741891860962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.61543208360672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49667125940322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4920920729637146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4720348119735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.46403029561042786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.44432175159454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.4352208971977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.36489182710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3605455756187439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19880789518356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.12445741891860962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0148-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0148-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0148-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31372505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31372505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b321474a5e464715b7b1ba2057f2a9c3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b321474a5e464715b7b1ba2057f2a9c3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp 1-5 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6659652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6659652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0148-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0148-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0148-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319356","display_name":"Flatiron Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0508h6p74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332193","display_name":"Genentech","ror":"https://ror.org/04gndp242"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963899699.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963899699.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1019830208","https://openalex.org/W2049154969","https://openalex.org/W2119852447","https://openalex.org/W2121394390","https://openalex.org/W2131368080","https://openalex.org/W2132425160","https://openalex.org/W2164096144","https://openalex.org/W2171237493","https://openalex.org/W2213443318","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2414918170","https://openalex.org/W2415362931","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2560688864","https://openalex.org/W2567921357","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2591298066","https://openalex.org/W2602017089","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2765332150","https://openalex.org/W2784499877","https://openalex.org/W2799710624","https://openalex.org/W2895486342","https://openalex.org/W2899906096","https://openalex.org/W2905810301","https://openalex.org/W2906311950","https://openalex.org/W2908201961","https://openalex.org/W2915005660","https://openalex.org/W2937307539","https://openalex.org/W3098949126"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390608645","https://openalex.org/W4247566972","https://openalex.org/W2960264696","https://openalex.org/W3090563135","https://openalex.org/W2497432351","https://openalex.org/W4206777497","https://openalex.org/W4233347783","https://openalex.org/W2910064364","https://openalex.org/W3215038878","https://openalex.org/W4375840519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Future":[0],"of":[1,8,15,108,140],"clinical":[2,60,83,103],"development":[3,61,104],"is":[4],"on":[5],"the":[6,29,102,124],"verge":[7],"a":[9],"major":[10],"transformation":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,23,144],"convergence":[14],"large":[16],"new":[17,44],"digital":[18,112,141],"data":[19,30,85],"sources,":[20],"computing":[21,116],"power":[22],"identify":[24],"clinically":[25],"meaningful":[26],"patterns":[27],"in":[28],"using":[31],"efficient":[32],"artificial":[33],"intelligence":[34],"and":[35,38,52,62,72,76,82,91,110,114,128,138],"machine-learning":[36,95],"algorithms,":[37],"regulators":[39],"embracing":[40],"this":[41],"change":[42],"through":[43,118],"collaborations.":[45],"This":[46],"perspective":[47],"summarizes":[48],"insights,":[49],"recent":[50],"developments,":[51],"recommendations":[53],"for":[54,100,148],"infusing":[55],"actionable":[56],"computational":[57],"evidence":[58,88,143],"into":[59],"health":[63,92],"care":[64,147],"from":[65,78,89],"academy,":[66],"biotechnology":[67],"industry,":[68],"nonprofit":[69],"foundations,":[70],"regulators,":[71],"technology":[73],"corporations.":[74],"Analysis":[75],"learning":[77],"publically":[79],"available":[80],"biomedical":[81],"trial":[84],"sets,":[86],"real-world":[87],"sensors,":[90],"records":[93],"by":[94,106,135],"architectures":[96],"are":[97,131],"discussed.":[98],"Strategies":[99],"modernizing":[101],"process":[105],"integration":[107],"AI-":[109],"ML-based":[111],"methods":[113],"secure":[115],"technologies":[117],"recently":[119],"announced":[120],"regulatory":[121],"pathways":[122],"at":[123],"United":[125],"States":[126],"Food":[127],"Drug":[129],"Administration":[130],"outlined.":[132],"We":[133],"conclude":[134],"discussing":[136],"applications":[137],"impact":[139],"algorithmic":[142],"improve":[145],"medical":[146],"patients.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
