{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408657432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08897-0","title":"End-to-end data-driven weather prediction","display_name":"End-to-end data-driven weather prediction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408657432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08897-0","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40112882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08897-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08897-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08897-0_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08897-0_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102325640","display_name":"Anna All\u00e9n","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Allen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. av555@cam.ac.uk","Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. av555@cam.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034631090","display_name":"Stratis Markou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stratis Markou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. em626@cam.ac.uk","Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. em626@cam.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036719568","display_name":"Will Tebbutt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5144-589X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Will Tebbutt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027874429","display_name":"James Requeima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127509","display_name":"Vector Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqdja62","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Requeima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vector Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","Vector Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vector Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vector Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022158131","display_name":"Wessel P. Bruinsma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wessel P. Bruinsma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research AI for Science, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research AI for Science, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041436747","display_name":"Tom R. Andersson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1556-9932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319328641","display_name":"British Antarctic Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/01rhff309","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641","https://openalex.org/I141816643","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom R. Andersson","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK","Google DeepMind, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1556-9932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000400876","display_name":"Michael Herzog","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-573X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Herzog","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-573X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045638679","display_name":"Nicholas D. Lane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2728-8273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas D. Lane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067735026","display_name":"Matthew Chantry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-0961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154986956","display_name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts","ror":"https://ror.org/014w0fd65","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154986956"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Chantry","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-0961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154986956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030713819","display_name":"J. Scott Hosking","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-3504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319328641","display_name":"British Antarctic Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/01rhff309","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641","https://openalex.org/I141816643","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Scott Hosking","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK","The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108284020","display_name":"Richard E. Turner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0066-0984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125680101","display_name":"Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02x2mw849","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard E. Turner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ret26@cam.ac.uk","The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK. ret26@cam.ac.uk","Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0066-0984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ret26@cam.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK. ret26@cam.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584","https://openalex.org/I125680101"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034631090"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"fwci":58.0988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99972235,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"641","issue":"8065","first_page":"1172","last_page":"1179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.5210753679275513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4041532874107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3947139382362366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.3503245711326599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3294661045074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2350650131702423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18379682302474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1439518928527832}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.5210753679275513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4041532874107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3947139382362366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3503245711326599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3294661045074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2350650131702423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18379682302474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1439518928527832}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014887","descriptor_name":"Weather","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08897-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08897-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08897-0_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40112882","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40112882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:nora.nerc.ac.uk:539244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1556-9932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400758","display_name":"NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141816643","host_organization_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141816643"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12119340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12119340","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:nature:v:641:y:2025:i:8065:d:10.1038_s41586-025-08897-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08897-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/384858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/384858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/385775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/385775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401776","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08897-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08897-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08897-0_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408657432.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569478347","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1967482458","https://openalex.org/W1971333590","https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2012796394","https://openalex.org/W2128580816","https://openalex.org/W2135952286","https://openalex.org/W2145028569","https://openalex.org/W2146598934","https://openalex.org/W2162343095","https://openalex.org/W2180717155","https://openalex.org/W2281800399","https://openalex.org/W2465808793","https://openalex.org/W2521039721","https://openalex.org/W2604626072","https://openalex.org/W2747329762","https://openalex.org/W2802670450","https://openalex.org/W2803600826","https://openalex.org/W2809789958","https://openalex.org/W2904138158","https://openalex.org/W2909788181","https://openalex.org/W3022221512","https://openalex.org/W3024663870","https://openalex.org/W3025325835","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3124663847","https://openalex.org/W3130387082","https://openalex.org/W3132082252","https://openalex.org/W3132193270","https://openalex.org/W3132280960","https://openalex.org/W3191617243","https://openalex.org/W4200512182","https://openalex.org/W4315706382","https://openalex.org/W4361193136","https://openalex.org/W4362706666","https://openalex.org/W4383218913","https://openalex.org/W4385559495","https://openalex.org/W4388654737","https://openalex.org/W4388728292","https://openalex.org/W4388739214","https://openalex.org/W4389500830","https://openalex.org/W4390091490","https://openalex.org/W4399779937","https://openalex.org/W4402223698","https://openalex.org/W4405031167","https://openalex.org/W4406073321","https://openalex.org/W4408427175","https://openalex.org/W4409835711","https://openalex.org/W4410551352","https://openalex.org/W6752040014","https://openalex.org/W6755308174","https://openalex.org/W6769905080","https://openalex.org/W6906237825","https://openalex.org/W6926060312","https://openalex.org/W6940114282","https://openalex.org/W6943633150","https://openalex.org/W6945294104","https://openalex.org/W6958981659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2151749779","https://openalex.org/W3179968364","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{".":[0],"However,":[1],"current":[2],"models":[3,155,173],"rely":[4],"on":[5,119],"numerical":[6],"systems":[7],"at":[8,121],"initialization":[9],"and":[10,45,50,65,89,133,165],"to":[11,76],"produce":[12],"local":[13,51,69,107],"forecasts,":[14],"thereby":[15],"limiting":[16],"their":[17],"achievable":[18],"gains.":[19],"Here":[20],"we":[21],"show":[22,111],"that":[23,112,141,156],"a":[24,84,90,150,175],"single":[25],"machine":[26],"learning":[27],"model":[28],"can":[29],"replace":[30],"the":[31,104,127,130,146,167],"entire":[32],"NWP":[33,60,87,120],"pipeline.":[34],"Aardvark":[35,142],"Weather,":[36],"an":[37,58],"end-to-end":[38,92,154],"data-driven":[39,137],"weather":[40],"prediction":[41],"system,":[42],"ingests":[43],"observations":[44],"produces":[46],"global":[47,55,86],"gridded":[48],"forecasts":[49,56,71],"station":[52,70],"forecasts.":[53,108],"The":[54,68],"outperform":[57],"operational":[59],"baseline":[61,88],"for":[62,74,149,174],"several":[63],"variables":[64],"lead":[66,80],"times.":[67],"are":[72],"skilful":[73,113],"up":[75],"ten":[77],"days":[78],"of":[79,106,129,136,153,163,171,177],"time,":[81,123],"competing":[82],"with":[83,95],"post-processed":[85],"state-of-the-art":[91],"forecasting":[93,114],"system":[94],"input":[96],"from":[97],"human":[98],"forecasters.":[99],"End-to-end":[100],"tuning":[101],"further":[102],"improves":[103],"accuracy":[105,134],"Our":[109],"results":[110],"is":[115],"possible":[116],"without":[117],"relying":[118],"deployment":[122],"which":[124],"will":[125,144,157],"enable":[126,166],"realization":[128],"full":[131],"speed":[132],"benefits":[135],"models.":[138],"We":[139],"believe":[140],"Weather":[143],"be":[145],"starting":[147],"point":[148],"new":[151],"generation":[152],"reduce":[158],"computational":[159],"costs":[160],"by":[161],"orders":[162],"magnitude":[164],"rapid,":[168],"affordable":[169],"creation":[170],"customized":[172],"range":[176],"end":[178],"users.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
