{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401389039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07687-4","title":"Fully forward mode training for optical neural networks","display_name":"Fully forward mode training for optical neural networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401389039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07687-4","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39112621"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07687-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07687-4","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07687-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07687-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001874645","display_name":"Zhiwei Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-4388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131625388","display_name":"University Town of Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/05f5j6225","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131625388"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131625388","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047005649","display_name":"Tiankuang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8850-6839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiankuang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8850-6839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030115022","display_name":"Zhihao Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131625388","display_name":"University Town of Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/05f5j6225","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131625388"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131625388","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021063885","display_name":"Shaoliang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6072-425X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoliang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Intelligent Optoelectronic Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Optoelectronic Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080722708","display_name":"Qionghai Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7043-3061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qionghai Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. daiqionghai@tsinghua.edu.cn","Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. daiqionghai@tsinghua.edu.cn","Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. daiqionghai@tsinghua.edu.cn","Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7043-3061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. daiqionghai@tsinghua.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. daiqionghai@tsinghua.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. daiqionghai@tsinghua.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101664962","display_name":"Lu Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-0367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. fanglu@tsinghua.edu.cn","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. fanglu@tsinghua.edu.cn","Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. fanglu@tsinghua.edu.cn","Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-0367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. fanglu@tsinghua.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. fanglu@tsinghua.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. fanglu@tsinghua.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001874645"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131625388","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"fwci":39.336,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":125,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99860761,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"632","issue":"8024","first_page":"280","last_page":"286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.6514793634414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6484137177467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6442707777023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.574424147605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.49045273661613464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4247549772262573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3836577832698822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.1674439013004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14076915383338928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1293521523475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11641374230384827}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6514793634414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6484137177467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6442707777023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.574424147605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.49045273661613464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4247549772262573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3836577832698822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.1674439013004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14076915383338928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1293521523475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11641374230384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07687-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07687-4","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07687-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39112621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39112621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11306102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11306102","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11306102/pdf/41586_2024_Article_7687.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-156331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-156331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:nature:v:632:y:2024:i:8024:d:10.1038_s41586-024-07687-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07687-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07687-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07687-4","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07687-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1213773769","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0109901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3114819178","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023QNRC001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3833898155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62088102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6471617833","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62125106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7290778828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GZB20230372","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7755912295","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023QNRC001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311778","funder_display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311778","display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/035vmht26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401389039.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1929077562","https://openalex.org/W1988016806","https://openalex.org/W1993182759","https://openalex.org/W1999001021","https://openalex.org/W2014041755","https://openalex.org/W2019959154","https://openalex.org/W2032665767","https://openalex.org/W2046090405","https://openalex.org/W2078557547","https://openalex.org/W2079177770","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2116937824","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2169847880","https://openalex.org/W2180748755","https://openalex.org/W2254450385","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2770947648","https://openalex.org/W2775280502","https://openalex.org/W2784648660","https://openalex.org/W2793604749","https://openalex.org/W2795835319","https://openalex.org/W2899288928","https://openalex.org/W2908266731","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921399459","https://openalex.org/W2923873769","https://openalex.org/W2944548960","https://openalex.org/W2944578243","https://openalex.org/W2961079966","https://openalex.org/W2964082513","https://openalex.org/W3003967059","https://openalex.org/W3004838521","https://openalex.org/W3008252701","https://openalex.org/W3015081725","https://openalex.org/W3025104221","https://openalex.org/W3081028044","https://openalex.org/W3092323705","https://openalex.org/W3096230432","https://openalex.org/W3101737971","https://openalex.org/W3103046660","https://openalex.org/W3103346293","https://openalex.org/W3105195789","https://openalex.org/W3106714810","https://openalex.org/W3107307590","https://openalex.org/W3107308400","https://openalex.org/W3118265437","https://openalex.org/W3120165331","https://openalex.org/W3128451613","https://openalex.org/W3156357868","https://openalex.org/W3203513610","https://openalex.org/W4200140776","https://openalex.org/W4210678178","https://openalex.org/W4213377513","https://openalex.org/W4213422795","https://openalex.org/W4226293750","https://openalex.org/W4281643867","https://openalex.org/W4281845262","https://openalex.org/W4295205848","https://openalex.org/W4306902080","https://openalex.org/W4313555590","https://openalex.org/W4360612389","https://openalex.org/W4367173722","https://openalex.org/W4367323373","https://openalex.org/W4379621763","https://openalex.org/W4383957026","https://openalex.org/W4388937805","https://openalex.org/W6930202893"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2997094352","https://openalex.org/W3216976533","https://openalex.org/W100620283","https://openalex.org/W2495260952","https://openalex.org/W2867161528","https://openalex.org/W4387123727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Optical":[1],"computing":[2],"promises":[3],"to":[4,20,108],"improve":[5],"the":[6,47,52,58,96,109,123,132,136],"speed":[7],"and":[8,76,147,201,211],"energy":[9,167],"efficiency":[10],"of":[11,57,103,122,139],"machine":[12,59],"learning":[13,60,93,177,189,194],"applications":[14],"1\u20136":[15],".":[16],"However,":[17],"current":[18],"approaches":[19],"efficiently":[21,64],"train":[22],"these":[23],"models":[24],"are":[25,62],"limited":[26],"by":[27],"in":[28,66,130],"silico":[29],"emulation":[30],"on":[31,51,68],"digital":[32],"computers.":[33],"Here":[34],"we":[35,79,173],"develop":[36],"a":[37,88,120,143],"method":[38],"called":[39],"fully":[40],"forward":[41],"mode":[42],"(FFM)":[43],"learning,":[44],"which":[45],"implements":[46],"compute-intensive":[48],"training":[49,95],"process":[50],"physical":[53],"system.":[54],"The":[55],"majority":[56],"operations":[61],"thus":[63],"conducted":[65],"parallel":[67,131],"site,":[69],"alleviating":[70],"numerical":[71],"modelling":[72],"constraints.":[73],"In":[74],"free-space":[75],"integrated":[77],"photonics,":[78],"experimentally":[80],"demonstrate":[81],"optical":[82,98],"systems":[83],"with":[84,101,119,152],"state-of-the-art":[85],"performances":[86],"for":[87],"given":[89],"network":[90],"size.":[91],"FFM":[92,176,188],"shows":[94],"deepest":[97],"neural":[99,207],"networks":[100],"millions":[102],"parameters":[104],"achieves":[105],"accuracy":[106],"equivalent":[107],"ideal":[110],"model.":[111,187],"It":[112],"supports":[113],"all-optical":[114,150],"focusing":[115],"through":[116],"scattering":[117],"media":[118],"resolution":[121],"diffraction":[124],"limit;":[125],"it":[126],"can":[127,148,178,197],"also":[128,198],"image":[129],"objects":[133],"hidden":[134],"outside":[135],"direct":[137],"line":[138],"sight":[140],"at":[141,169],"over":[142],"kilohertz":[144],"frame":[145],"rate":[146],"conduct":[149],"processing":[151],"light":[153],"intensity":[154],"as":[155,157,205],"weak":[156],"subphoton":[158],"per":[159],"pixel":[160],"(5.40":[161],"\u00d7":[162],"10":[163],"18":[164],"-":[165],"operations-per-second-per-watt":[166],"efficiency)":[168],"room":[170],"temperature.":[171],"Furthermore,":[172],"prove":[174],"that":[175],"automatically":[179],"search":[180],"non-Hermitian":[181],"exceptional":[182],"points":[183],"without":[184],"an":[185],"analytical":[186],"not":[190],"only":[191],"facilitates":[192],"orders-of-magnitude-faster":[193],"processes,":[195],"but":[196],"advance":[199],"applied":[200],"theoretical":[202],"fields":[203],"such":[204],"deep":[206],"networks,":[208],"ultrasensitive":[209],"perception":[210],"topological":[212],"photonics.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":99},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
