{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386100686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06337-5","title":"An analog-AI chip for energy-efficient speech recognition and transcription","display_name":"An analog-AI chip for energy-efficient speech recognition and transcription","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386100686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06337-5","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37612392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06337-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06337-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06337-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06337-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028455655","display_name":"Stefano Ambrogio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5475-4209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. Ambrogio","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA. stefano.ambrogio@ibm.com","IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5475-4209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA. stefano.ambrogio@ibm.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058290381","display_name":"Pritish Narayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-0059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016427894","display_name":"Atsuya Okazaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-5224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145865","display_name":"IBM Research - Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/04915qk43","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Okazaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-5224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026800272","display_name":"Andrea Fasoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6892-5139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Fasoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6892-5139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015811754","display_name":"Charles Mackin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-5583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Mackin","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-5583","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001830342","display_name":"Kohji Hosokawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8086-8144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145865","display_name":"IBM Research - Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/04915qk43","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Hosokawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065539173","display_name":"Akiyo Nomura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2354-867X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145865","display_name":"IBM Research - Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/04915qk43","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Nomura","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2354-867X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022844115","display_name":"Takeo Yasuda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145865","display_name":"IBM Research - Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/04915qk43","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Yasuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112353415","display_name":"A. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3814-7264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079173979","display_name":"Alexander Friz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Friz","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066277873","display_name":"Masatoshi Ishii","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-7232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145865","display_name":"IBM Research - Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/04915qk43","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ishii","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-7232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026837733","display_name":"Jose Luquin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9539-1386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Luquin","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041739657","display_name":"Yasuteru Kohda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145865","display_name":"IBM Research - Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/04915qk43","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Kohda","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Tokyo, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025735329","display_name":"Nicole Saulnier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6886-5946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116763","display_name":"Albany Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv1yg09","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094901","https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Saulnier","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058537262","display_name":"Kevin Brew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2515-2882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116763","display_name":"Albany Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv1yg09","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094901","https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Brew","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2515-2882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112876117","display_name":"S. Choi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116763","display_name":"Albany Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv1yg09","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094901","https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091478170","display_name":"Kang Min Ok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7195-9089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116763","display_name":"Albany Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv1yg09","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094901","https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Ok","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062317080","display_name":"Timothy M. Philip","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6522-0563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116763","display_name":"Albany Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv1yg09","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094901","https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Philip","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038426324","display_name":"V. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5431-7586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116763","display_name":"Albany Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv1yg09","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094901","https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034104808","display_name":"C. Silvestre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116763","display_name":"Albany Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv1yg09","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094901","https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Silvestre","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112172090","display_name":"Ishtiaq Ahsan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116763","display_name":"Albany Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv1yg09","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094901","https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Ahsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Albany NanoTech Center, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051232628","display_name":"Vijay Narayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8433-963X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086723230","display_name":"Hsinyu Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-097X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014981734","display_name":"Geoffrey W. Burr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-2549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. W. Burr","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-2549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013 Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":24,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028455655"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"fwci":25.6725,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":206,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99841074,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"620","issue":"7975","first_page":"768","last_page":"775"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7332545518875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5752266049385071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5155589580535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5068531632423401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49088770151138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massively-parallel","display_name":"Massively parallel","score":0.42066025733947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3318304717540741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.264875590801239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.21303817629814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.20529481768608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13922542333602905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11271029710769653}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7332545518875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5752266049385071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5155589580535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5068531632423401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49088770151138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190475519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544384","display_name":"Massively parallel","level":2,"score":0.42066025733947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3318304717540741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.264875590801239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21303817629814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.20529481768608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13922542333602905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11271029710769653}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06337-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06337-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06337-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37612392","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37612392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10447234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10447234","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10447234/pdf/41586_2023_Article_6337.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:nature:v:620:y:2023:i:7975:d:10.1038_s41586-023-06337-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06337-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06337-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06337-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06337-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386100686.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W404273155","https://openalex.org/W423095831","https://openalex.org/W1494198834","https://openalex.org/W2034940213","https://openalex.org/W2120286148","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2147768505","https://openalex.org/W2166637769","https://openalex.org/W2740220207","https://openalex.org/W2792893539","https://openalex.org/W2803163155","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2948661249","https://openalex.org/W2968365336","https://openalex.org/W3003821665","https://openalex.org/W3005589975","https://openalex.org/W3015432327","https://openalex.org/W3025165719","https://openalex.org/W3097777922","https://openalex.org/W3101100041","https://openalex.org/W3101272433","https://openalex.org/W3104147253","https://openalex.org/W3133754064","https://openalex.org/W3134195144","https://openalex.org/W3134526034","https://openalex.org/W3135835558","https://openalex.org/W3135839634","https://openalex.org/W3139918052","https://openalex.org/W3169320628","https://openalex.org/W3184497370","https://openalex.org/W3195245399","https://openalex.org/W3195461290","https://openalex.org/W3196783077","https://openalex.org/W3205692284","https://openalex.org/W3209059054","https://openalex.org/W4210530509","https://openalex.org/W4221138270","https://openalex.org/W4249179470","https://openalex.org/W4283068054","https://openalex.org/W4286571956","https://openalex.org/W4292121737","https://openalex.org/W4297841445","https://openalex.org/W4313251083","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362222286","https://openalex.org/W3094920005","https://openalex.org/W2389537118","https://openalex.org/W2374444867","https://openalex.org/W2354844719","https://openalex.org/W2387891317","https://openalex.org/W2376817016","https://openalex.org/W2369913687","https://openalex.org/W3195549464","https://openalex.org/W4205810114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Models":[1],"of":[2,9,18,29,82],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"that":[6,74,94,113],"have":[7],"billions":[8],"parameters":[10],"can":[11,47,114],"achieve":[12,115],"high":[13],"accuracy":[14,71,133,142],"across":[15,101,168],"a":[16,135],"range":[17],"tasks":[19],"1,2":[20],",":[21],"but":[22],"they":[23],"exacerbate":[24],"the":[25,86,144],"poor":[26],"energy":[27,50],"efficiency":[28,51],"conventional":[30],"general-purpose":[31],"processors,":[32],"such":[33,77],"as":[34],"graphics":[35],"processing":[36,40],"units":[37],"or":[38],"central":[39],"units.":[41],"Analog":[42],"in-memory":[43],"computing":[44],"(analog-AI)":[45],"3\u20137":[46],"provide":[48],"better":[49],"by":[52],"performing":[53],"matrix\u2013vector":[54],"multiplications":[55],"in":[56],"parallel":[57,105],"on":[58,72,143],"\u2018memory":[59],"tiles\u2019.":[60],"However,":[61],"analog-AI":[62,92],"has":[63],"yet":[64],"to":[65,117],"demonstrate":[66,128],"software-equivalent":[67],"(SW":[68],"eq":[69,132,141],")":[70],"models":[73],"require":[75],"many":[76],"tiles":[78],"and":[79,108,139],"efficient":[80],"communication":[81,107],"neural-network":[83,150],"activations":[84],"between":[85],"tiles.":[87],"Here":[88],"we":[89],"present":[90],"an":[91],"chip":[93],"combines":[95],"35":[96],"million":[97,157,164],"phase-change":[98,165],"memory":[99,166],"devices":[100,167],"34":[102],"tiles,":[103],"massively":[104],"inter-tile":[106],"analog,":[109],"low-power":[110],"peripheral":[111],"circuitry":[112],"up":[116],"12.4":[118],"tera-operations":[119],"per":[120,122],"second":[121],"watt":[123],"(TOPS/W)":[124],"chip-sustained":[125],"performance.":[126],"We":[127],"fully":[129],"end-to-end":[130],"SW":[131],"for":[134],"small":[136],"keyword-spotting":[137],"network":[138],"near-SW":[140],"much":[145],"larger":[146],"MLPerf":[147],"8":[148],"recurrent":[149],"transducer":[151],"(RNNT),":[152],"with":[153],"more":[154,161],"than":[155,162],"45":[156],"weights":[158],"mapped":[159],"onto":[160],"140":[163],"five":[169],"chips.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":95},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
