{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3216042640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04167-x","title":"Quantifying social organization and political polarization in online platforms","display_name":"Quantifying social organization and political polarization in online platforms","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3216042640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04167-x","mag":"3216042640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.00590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.00590","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.00590","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.00590","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051097264","display_name":"Isaac Waller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4283-2502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waller, Isaac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048789742","display_name":"Ashton Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-6883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anderson, Ashton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":145,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13718","display_name":"Media Influence and Politics","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.7758768796920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5786665081977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideology","display_name":"Ideology","score":0.5719704627990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5592853426933289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presidential-system","display_name":"Presidential system","score":0.49817943572998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presidential-election","display_name":"Presidential election","score":0.48208314180374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3972127437591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.38138988614082336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3682568073272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3674739897251129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3590702414512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2945592701435089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1091715395450592}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.7758768796920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5786665081977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.5719704627990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5592853426933289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197487636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892","display_name":"Presidential system","level":3,"score":0.49817943572998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776129789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858439","display_name":"Presidential election","level":3,"score":0.48208314180374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3972127437591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38138988614082336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3682568073272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3674739897251129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3590702414512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2945592701435089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1091715395450592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.00590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.00590","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.00590","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.00590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.00590","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.00590","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91442942","https://openalex.org/W1686065478","https://openalex.org/W1959725665","https://openalex.org/W1980565545","https://openalex.org/W2002878897","https://openalex.org/W2046139000","https://openalex.org/W2125031621","https://openalex.org/W2152284345","https://openalex.org/W2160208583","https://openalex.org/W2160409554","https://openalex.org/W2163179583","https://openalex.org/W2166155258","https://openalex.org/W2251771443","https://openalex.org/W2303924600","https://openalex.org/W2476960546","https://openalex.org/W2483215953","https://openalex.org/W2600593726","https://openalex.org/W2741058728","https://openalex.org/W2769358515","https://openalex.org/W2788708648","https://openalex.org/W2889127731","https://openalex.org/W2891608200","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2911529586","https://openalex.org/W2963908320","https://openalex.org/W2973077414","https://openalex.org/W3002330681","https://openalex.org/W3037528277","https://openalex.org/W3041131405","https://openalex.org/W3100346973","https://openalex.org/W3103365499","https://openalex.org/W4237215658","https://openalex.org/W4253339070","https://openalex.org/W4255959053"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2606962271","https://openalex.org/W2358556841","https://openalex.org/W2393918707","https://openalex.org/W645512964","https://openalex.org/W2347506984","https://openalex.org/W2356608624","https://openalex.org/W2154519170","https://openalex.org/W2086460054","https://openalex.org/W2389874476"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optimism":[0],"about":[1,15],"the":[2,7,20,49,59,68,85,117,144,165,174,192,210,229,240,246,254],"Internet's":[3],"potential":[4],"to":[5,41,47,83,103,125,157,188,218,228],"bring":[6],"world":[8],"together":[9],"has":[10],"been":[11],"tempered":[12],"by":[13,67,93,173],"concerns":[14],"its":[16],"role":[17],"in":[18,56,108,168,213,220],"inflaming":[19],"'culture":[21],"wars'.":[22],"Via":[23],"mass":[24],"selection":[25],"into":[26],"like-minded":[27],"groups,":[28],"online":[29,53,63,88,232,243,250,259],"society":[30],"may":[31],"be":[32],"becoming":[33],"more":[34],"fragmented":[35],"and":[36,55,71,128,149,178,194,234,252,256],"polarized,":[37],"particularly":[38],"with":[39,123,199,209],"respect":[40,124],"partisan":[42],"differences.":[43],"However,":[44],"our":[45,101,235],"ability":[46],"measure":[48,115],"social":[50,60,91,247],"makeup":[51],"of":[52,62,74,87,97,176,231,242,249,258],"communities,":[54],"turn":[57],"understand":[58],"organization":[61],"platforms,":[64,244],"is":[65,121,163,186,195,225],"limited":[66],"pseudonymous,":[69],"unstructured,":[70],"large-scale":[72,95],"nature":[73],"digital":[75],"discussion.":[76],"We":[77,202],"develop":[78],"a":[79,139,205],"neural":[80],"embedding":[81],"methodology":[82,102,224],"quantify":[84],"positioning":[86],"communities":[89,110],"along":[90],"dimensions":[92],"leveraging":[94],"patterns":[96],"aggregate":[98],"behaviour.":[99],"Applying":[100],"5.1B":[104],"Reddit":[105,137,185],"comments":[106],"made":[107],"10K":[109],"over":[111],"14":[112],"years,":[113],"we":[114,135],"how":[116],"macroscale":[118],"community":[119],"structure":[120],"organized":[122],"age,":[126],"gender,":[127],"U.S.":[129,146],"political":[130,133,180],"partisanship.":[131],"Examining":[132],"content,":[134],"find":[136],"underwent":[138],"significant":[140],"polarization":[141,162,183],"event":[142],"around":[143],"2016":[145,169,214],"presidential":[147],"election,":[148],"remained":[150],"highly":[151],"polarized":[152],"for":[153,239],"years":[154],"afterward.":[155],"Contrary":[156],"conventional":[158],"wisdom,":[159],"however,":[160],"individual-level":[161],"rare;":[164],"system-level":[166],"shift":[167],"was":[170],"disproportionately":[171],"driven":[172],"arrival":[175],"new":[177],"newly":[179],"users.":[181],"Political":[182],"on":[184,191],"unrelated":[187],"previous":[189],"activity":[190],"platform,":[193],"instead":[196],"temporally":[197],"aligned":[198],"external":[200],"events.":[201],"also":[203],"observe":[204],"stark":[206],"ideological":[207],"asymmetry,":[208],"sharp":[211],"increase":[212],"being":[215],"entirely":[216],"attributable":[217],"changes":[219],"right-wing":[221],"activity.":[222],"Our":[223],"broadly":[226],"applicable":[227],"study":[230],"interaction,":[233],"findings":[236],"have":[237],"implications":[238],"design":[241],"understanding":[245],"contexts":[248],"behaviour,":[251],"quantifying":[253],"dynamics":[255],"mechanisms":[257],"polarization.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T07:41:36.138363","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}