{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2948671659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1274-4","title":"De novo protein design by citizen scientists","display_name":"De novo protein design by citizen scientists","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2948671659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1274-4","mag":"2948671659","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31168091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1274-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1274-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063058216","display_name":"Brian Koepnick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5792-8112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Koepnick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108019107","display_name":"Jeff Flatten","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Flatten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009569720","display_name":"Tamir Husain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamir Husain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103026844","display_name":"Alex Ford","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Ford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075857216","display_name":"Daniel\u2010Adriano Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3195-9009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel-Adriano Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065864996","display_name":"Matthew J. Bick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-859X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew J. Bick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002721022","display_name":"Aaron Bauer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038863616","display_name":"Gaohua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4343-0356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138042","display_name":"Nextomics Biosciences (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04nppa482","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138042"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaohua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA","Nexomics Biosciences, Bordentown, NJ, USA","Nexomics Biosciences, Bordentown, USA","Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nexomics Biosciences, Bordentown, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nexomics Biosciences, Bordentown, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010434139","display_name":"Yojiro Ishida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6781-367X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802203029","display_name":"Johnson University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dpnfr42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802203029"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yojiro Ishida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA","Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802203029","https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112613490","display_name":"Alexander Boykov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Boykov","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038639339","display_name":"Roger D. Estep","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger D. Estep","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019065739","display_name":"Susan C. Kleinfelter","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Kleinfelter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008466570","display_name":"Toke N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd-Solano","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toke N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd-Solano","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064079732","display_name":"Linda Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8654-9149"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015664983","display_name":"Foldit Players","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Foldit Players","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091026686","display_name":"G.T. Montelione","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9440-3059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802203029","display_name":"Johnson University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dpnfr42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802203029"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaetano T. Montelione","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA","Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA","Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA","Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802203029","https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105925656","display_name":"Frank DiMaio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7524-8938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank DiMaio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050910253","display_name":"Zoran Popovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5989-3016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoran Popovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012530374","display_name":"Firas Khatib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6817-7297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Firas Khatib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA","Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083670815","display_name":"Seth Cooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4504-0877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seth Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053192926","display_name":"David Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7896-6217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. dabaker@uw.edu","Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. dabaker@uw.edu","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. dabaker@uw.edu","Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. dabaker@uw.edu","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. dabaker@uw.edu","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. dabaker@uw.edu","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":21,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053192926"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.528,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":170,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99669967,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"570","issue":"7761","first_page":"390","last_page":"394"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12856","display_name":"Transgenic Plants and Applications","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12856","display_name":"Transgenic Plants and Applications","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10044","display_name":"Protein Structure and Dynamics","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11048","display_name":"Bacteriophages and microbial interactions","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-design","display_name":"Protein design","score":0.6001384258270264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5703201293945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-biology","display_name":"Computational biology","score":0.5263617634773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-silico","display_name":"In silico","score":0.497393399477005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.4914165735244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polypeptide-chain","display_name":"Polypeptide chain","score":0.46266627311706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-engineering","display_name":"Protein engineering","score":0.43200886249542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-structure","display_name":"Protein structure","score":0.4172406494617462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.3267151713371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.24175342917442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.24033504724502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amino-acid","display_name":"Amino acid","score":0.15613830089569092}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152769699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410814","display_name":"Protein design","level":3,"score":0.6001384258270264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5703201293945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.5263617634773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775905019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192572","display_name":"In silico","level":3,"score":0.497393399477005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.4914165735244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993989360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172847","display_name":"Polypeptide chain","level":3,"score":0.46266627311706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147816474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169525","display_name":"Protein engineering","level":3,"score":0.43200886249542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47701112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735188","display_name":"Protein structure","level":2,"score":0.4172406494617462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3267151713371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.24175342917442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.24033504724502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.15613830089569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000080029","descriptor_name":"Citizen Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080029","descriptor_name":"Citizen Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080029","descriptor_name":"Citizen Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080029","descriptor_name":"Citizen Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003405","descriptor_name":"Creativity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003405","descriptor_name":"Creativity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003405","descriptor_name":"Creativity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003405","descriptor_name":"Creativity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005717","descriptor_name":"Games, Experimental","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005717","descriptor_name":"Games, Experimental","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005717","descriptor_name":"Games, Experimental","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005717","descriptor_name":"Games, Experimental","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008958","descriptor_name":"Models, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008958","descriptor_name":"Models, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008958","descriptor_name":"Models, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008958","descriptor_name":"Models, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015202","descriptor_name":"Protein Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015202","descriptor_name":"Protein Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015202","descriptor_name":"Protein Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015202","descriptor_name":"Protein Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017510","descriptor_name":"Protein Folding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017510","descriptor_name":"Protein Folding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017510","descriptor_name":"Protein Folding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017510","descriptor_name":"Protein Folding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1274-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1274-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31168091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31168091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:nature:v:570:y:2019:i:7761:d:10.1038_s41586-019-1274-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1274-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5848777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6701466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539796472","https://openalex.org/W1546896179","https://openalex.org/W1548178570","https://openalex.org/W1834588461","https://openalex.org/W1966403038","https://openalex.org/W1986191025","https://openalex.org/W1991285104","https://openalex.org/W1992145496","https://openalex.org/W1995017064","https://openalex.org/W1996721411","https://openalex.org/W2000948557","https://openalex.org/W2014280607","https://openalex.org/W2038263678","https://openalex.org/W2040156859","https://openalex.org/W2043883458","https://openalex.org/W2051741744","https://openalex.org/W2052933818","https://openalex.org/W2064807533","https://openalex.org/W2067598960","https://openalex.org/W2071486470","https://openalex.org/W2073338313","https://openalex.org/W2086988551","https://openalex.org/W2090107050","https://openalex.org/W2093482724","https://openalex.org/W2098613471","https://openalex.org/W2102245393","https://openalex.org/W2106154817","https://openalex.org/W2108554529","https://openalex.org/W2112193291","https://openalex.org/W2112418305","https://openalex.org/W2117905361","https://openalex.org/W2119034696","https://openalex.org/W2121627241","https://openalex.org/W2124026197","https://openalex.org/W2154197653","https://openalex.org/W2154714625","https://openalex.org/W2155871507","https://openalex.org/W2157442131","https://openalex.org/W2163341755","https://openalex.org/W2169821755","https://openalex.org/W2190898324","https://openalex.org/W2326282683","https://openalex.org/W2327087984","https://openalex.org/W2342569995","https://openalex.org/W2345741266","https://openalex.org/W2519539312","https://openalex.org/W2579798392","https://openalex.org/W2606439133","https://openalex.org/W2891841439","https://openalex.org/W6608191854","https://openalex.org/W6638985100","https://openalex.org/W6683100946","https://openalex.org/W6754572076","https://openalex.org/W6910440967","https://openalex.org/W6925483380","https://openalex.org/W7074258279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2554214300","https://openalex.org/W2116266427","https://openalex.org/W2991041010","https://openalex.org/W2003675367","https://openalex.org/W2991203454","https://openalex.org/W2512252615","https://openalex.org/W2409023191","https://openalex.org/W3215076145","https://openalex.org/W2005982196","https://openalex.org/W1534529517"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}