{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2919115771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539","title":"Deep learning","display_name":"Deep learning","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2919115771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539","mag":"2919115771","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/nature14539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04206682","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001226970","display_name":"Yann LeCun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yann LeCun","raw_affiliation_strings":["1] Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, New York 10003 USA. [2] New York University, 715 Broadway, New York, New York 10003, USA","Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, 10003, New York, USA","New York University, 715 Broadway, New York, 10003, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1] Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, New York 10003 USA. [2] New York University, 715 Broadway, New York, New York 10003, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, 10003, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, 715 Broadway, New York, 10003, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086198262","display_name":"Yoshua Bengio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9322-3515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshua Bengio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Operations Research Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Pavillon Andr\u00e9-Aisenstadt, PO Box 6128 Centre-Ville STN Montr\u00e9al, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada","Department of Computer Science and Operations Research Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Pavillon Andr\u00e9-Aisenstadt, PO Box 6128 Centre-Ville STN, Montr\u00e9al, H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Operations Research Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Pavillon Andr\u00e9-Aisenstadt, PO Box 6128 Centre-Ville STN Montr\u00e9al, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Operations Research Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Pavillon Andr\u00e9-Aisenstadt, PO Box 6128 Centre-Ville STN, Montr\u00e9al, H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108093963","display_name":"Geoffrey E. Hinton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey Hinton","raw_affiliation_strings":["1] Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California 94043, USA. [2] Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 6 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada","Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, 94043, California, USA","Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 6 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1] Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California 94043, USA. [2] Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 6 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, 94043, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 6 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001226970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444","https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2385.4187,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":82497,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"521","issue":"7553","first_page":"436","last_page":"444"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7997676134109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7106125950813293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6407221555709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.5962026119232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5892231464385986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4816502630710602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.45149773359298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.45104220509529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4445376992225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.4232310354709625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41093748807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35180675983428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.25419050455093384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7997676134109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7106125950813293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6407221555709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5962026119232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5892231464385986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4816502630710602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.45149773359298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.45104220509529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4445376992225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.4232310354709625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41093748807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35180675983428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25419050455093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003201","descriptor_name":"Computers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003201","descriptor_name":"Computers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003201","descriptor_name":"Computers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/nature14539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26017442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04206682v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04206682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nature, 2015, 521 (7553), pp.436-444. ⟨10.1038/nature14539⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04206682v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04206682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nature, 2015, 521 (7553), pp.436-444. ⟨10.1038/nature14539⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146900863","https://openalex.org/W170811313","https://openalex.org/W1487583988","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1514535095","https://openalex.org/W1573503290","https://openalex.org/W1752712236","https://openalex.org/W1970689298","https://openalex.org/W1978592082","https://openalex.org/W1993845689","https://openalex.org/W1993882792","https://openalex.org/W1999497791","https://openalex.org/W1999798000","https://openalex.org/W2022508996","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2074551195","https://openalex.org/W2085989895","https://openalex.org/W2088338354","https://openalex.org/W2091987367","https://openalex.org/W2095739681","https://openalex.org/W2098580305","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2108069432","https://openalex.org/W2111304802","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2116360511","https://openalex.org/W2117671523","https://openalex.org/W2120284346","https://openalex.org/W2120432001","https://openalex.org/W2121289914","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2144015117","https://openalex.org/W2144354855","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2146989110","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2158778629","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2166206801","https://openalex.org/W2169488311","https://openalex.org/W2169805405","https://openalex.org/W2800394774","https://openalex.org/W3139812727","https://openalex.org/W4232280717","https://openalex.org/W4249882522","https://openalex.org/W6630820455","https://openalex.org/W6674914833","https://openalex.org/W6683738474","https://openalex.org/W6743198006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088845016","https://openalex.org/W589102260","https://openalex.org/W1966421350","https://openalex.org/W1868434454","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3048601286","https://openalex.org/W2965925734"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4983},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10724},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9914},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9282},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9374},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10215},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9579},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8331},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5645},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3065},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1174},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":177},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2019-03-11T00:00:00"}