{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062739241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13132","title":"The ultimate physical limits of privacy","display_name":"The ultimate physical limits of privacy","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062739241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13132","mag":"2062739241","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24670761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/nature13132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059030616","display_name":"Artur Ekert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1504-5039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115455960","display_name":"Centre for Quantum Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/01mgdzc49","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115455960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB","SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Artur Ekert","raw_affiliation_strings":["1] Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 9GG, UK [2] Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore","Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 9GG, UK,","Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1] Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 9GG, UK [2] Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115455960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 9GG, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115455960","https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020346319","display_name":"Renato Renner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5044-6113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Renato Renner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland","Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020346319","https://openalex.org/A5059030616"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115455960","https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1382,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":132,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98163924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"507","issue":"7493","first_page":"443","last_page":"447"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.7153534889221191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6362923979759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6275447010993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5950918793678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5500607490539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.5392382144927979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.44345614314079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.4285888373851776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.3275391161441803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.2354368269443512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.16395488381385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14462611079216003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.7153534889221191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6362923979759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6275447010993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5950918793678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5500607490539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5392382144927979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.44345614314079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.4285888373851776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3275391161441803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2354368269443512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.16395488381385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14462611079216003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002755","descriptor_name":"Choice Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002755","descriptor_name":"Choice Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002755","descriptor_name":"Choice Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008273","descriptor_name":"Magic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008273","descriptor_name":"Magic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008273","descriptor_name":"Magic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019451","descriptor_name":"Information Management","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019451","descriptor_name":"Information Management","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019451","descriptor_name":"Information Management","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019451","descriptor_name":"Information Management","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019451","descriptor_name":"Information Management","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019451","descriptor_name":"Information Management","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/nature13132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24670761","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24670761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/99028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/99028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus","raw_type":"Review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.473.4368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.473.4368","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cryptome.org/2014/03/ultimate-privacy-limits.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:nature:v:507:y:2014:i:7493:d:10.1038_nature13132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501308070","https://openalex.org/W1506311017","https://openalex.org/W1508777461","https://openalex.org/W1527156284","https://openalex.org/W1540903013","https://openalex.org/W1577100811","https://openalex.org/W1616015000","https://openalex.org/W1659664084","https://openalex.org/W1747768630","https://openalex.org/W1919452412","https://openalex.org/W1967648417","https://openalex.org/W1980873242","https://openalex.org/W1986293140","https://openalex.org/W1986407511","https://openalex.org/W1986718451","https://openalex.org/W1988371994","https://openalex.org/W1992649147","https://openalex.org/W1994712115","https://openalex.org/W1996360405","https://openalex.org/W1997012753","https://openalex.org/W1997102776","https://openalex.org/W1998660432","https://openalex.org/W2000985364","https://openalex.org/W2005863215","https://openalex.org/W2006166792","https://openalex.org/W2006638080","https://openalex.org/W2009502003","https://openalex.org/W2012452505","https://openalex.org/W2012732269","https://openalex.org/W2013622559","https://openalex.org/W2014306526","https://openalex.org/W2015914132","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2030119075","https://openalex.org/W2034377058","https://openalex.org/W2039004790","https://openalex.org/W2045580047","https://openalex.org/W2048118641","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2052140519","https://openalex.org/W2052457796","https://openalex.org/W2055040985","https://openalex.org/W2057469797","https://openalex.org/W2058302064","https://openalex.org/W2063294089","https://openalex.org/W2071764857","https://openalex.org/W2076311580","https://openalex.org/W2082730452","https://openalex.org/W2088844672","https://openalex.org/W2114805880","https://openalex.org/W2120755151","https://openalex.org/W2120903777","https://openalex.org/W2121213780","https://openalex.org/W2131705908","https://openalex.org/W2135830616","https://openalex.org/W2143255200","https://openalex.org/W2143406552","https://openalex.org/W2144820907","https://openalex.org/W2154300278","https://openalex.org/W2180630352","https://openalex.org/W2337218539","https://openalex.org/W2951669051","https://openalex.org/W2991858054","https://openalex.org/W2995235436","https://openalex.org/W2995351844","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3098081881","https://openalex.org/W3105740222","https://openalex.org/W3111297213","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4297812622","https://openalex.org/W6929253529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2493929861","https://openalex.org/W3173339789","https://openalex.org/W4385627932","https://openalex.org/W4288754535","https://openalex.org/W2548040793","https://openalex.org/W2281112860","https://openalex.org/W3092327956","https://openalex.org/W3008265109","https://openalex.org/W2967995748","https://openalex.org/W2048539412"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
