{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412834839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025sw004563","title":"The Impact of the May 1921 Superstorm on American Telecommunication Systems","display_name":"The Impact of the May 1921 Superstorm on American Telecommunication Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412834839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025sw004563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025sw004563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025sw004563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166492742","display_name":"Space Weather","issn_l":"1542-7390","issn":["1542-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025sw004563","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065260177","display_name":"Jeffrey J. Love","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800772125","display_name":"Denver Federal Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxjag90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280600231","https://openalex.org/I2800772125"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey J. Love","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Hazards Science Center  Denver CO USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Hazards Science Center  Denver CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I2800772125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037394360","display_name":"Greg Lucas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1331-1863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114008","display_name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/01fcjzv38","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I4210114008"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg M. Lucas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado  Boulder CO USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1331-1863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado  Boulder CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I4210114008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075822850","display_name":"Anna Kelbert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4395-398X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124175","display_name":"Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian","ror":"https://ror.org/03c3r2d17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Kelbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard and Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics  Cambridge MA USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4395-398X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard and Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics  Cambridge MA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041772226","display_name":"N. R. Schnepf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1489-7958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114008","display_name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/01fcjzv38","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I4210114008"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neesha R. Schnepf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado  Boulder CO USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1489-7958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado  Boulder CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I4210114008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074299760","display_name":"Paul A. Bedrosian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800772125","display_name":"Denver Federal Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxjag90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280600231","https://openalex.org/I2800772125"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul A. Bedrosian","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey Geology Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center  Denver CO USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey Geology Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center  Denver CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I2800772125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103096098","display_name":"Sara K. McBride","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8062-6542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800772125","display_name":"Denver Federal Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxjag90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280600231","https://openalex.org/I2800772125"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara K. McBride","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Hazards Science Center  Denver CO USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Hazards Science Center  Denver CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I2800772125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070863075","display_name":"Edward J. Oughton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-008X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319328641","display_name":"British Antarctic Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/01rhff309","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641","https://openalex.org/I141816643","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward J. Oughton","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science George Mason University  Fairfax VA USA","Space Weather and Atmosphere Group British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge  Cambridgeshire UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-008X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science George Mason University  Fairfax VA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Weather and Atmosphere Group British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge  Cambridgeshire UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065260177"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I2800772125"],"apc_list":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"apc_paid":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"fwci":1.8555,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85549569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomagnetic-storm","display_name":"Geomagnetic storm","score":0.7281298637390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/storm","display_name":"Storm","score":0.6628820896148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.591620922088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5868147015571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earths-magnetic-field","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","score":0.5650686025619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.5526707768440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5408623218536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4736020565032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-interference","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","score":0.44211024045944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3763296604156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33409491181373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.31418678164482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.3058115243911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2722663879394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.22591456770896912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21418839693069458}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170641098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130011","display_name":"Geomagnetic storm","level":4,"score":0.7281298637390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.6628820896148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.591620922088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5868147015571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199635899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500960","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","level":3,"score":0.5650686025619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.5526707768440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5408623218536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4736020565032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.44211024045944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3763296604156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33409491181373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.31418678164482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.3058115243911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2722663879394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.22591456770896912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21418839693069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025sw004563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025sw004563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166492742","display_name":"Space Weather","issn_l":"1542-7390","issn":["1542-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nora.nerc.ac.uk:539981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","pdf_url":"https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/539981/1/Space%20Weather%20-%202025%20-%20Love%20-%20The%20Impact%20of%20the%20May%201921%20Superstorm%20on%20American%20Telecommunication%20Systems.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400758","display_name":"NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141816643","host_organization_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141816643"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Publication - Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a6bcb89c9954417b85d740abc8e29abc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a6bcb89c9954417b85d740abc8e29abc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather, Vol 23, Iss 7, Pp n/a-n/a (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025sw004563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025sw004563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166492742","display_name":"Space Weather","issn_l":"1542-7390","issn":["1542-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G234242860","display_name":"The Management and Operation of the National Center for Atmoshperic Research (NCAR)","funder_award_id":"1852977","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G288578336","display_name":"RAPID: Collecting Perishable Critical Infrastructure Operational Data for May 2024 Space Weather Events","funder_award_id":"2434136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4922859297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1852977","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","funder_display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510189407","https://openalex.org/W1671460893","https://openalex.org/W1980876422","https://openalex.org/W1990030597","https://openalex.org/W2033614590","https://openalex.org/W2044771287","https://openalex.org/W2054940177","https://openalex.org/W2091719416","https://openalex.org/W2095707799","https://openalex.org/W2123470355","https://openalex.org/W2124336691","https://openalex.org/W2162325236","https://openalex.org/W2162972183","https://openalex.org/W2171941277","https://openalex.org/W2179413285","https://openalex.org/W2180188025","https://openalex.org/W2580642199","https://openalex.org/W2751942725","https://openalex.org/W2901380010","https://openalex.org/W2950268010","https://openalex.org/W2956853667","https://openalex.org/W2996770550","https://openalex.org/W3095702008","https://openalex.org/W3203468574","https://openalex.org/W4280557801","https://openalex.org/W4283014874","https://openalex.org/W4381851588","https://openalex.org/W4397030208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384466904","https://openalex.org/W1924297737","https://openalex.org/W2356502159","https://openalex.org/W2176508217","https://openalex.org/W2144451755","https://openalex.org/W2546967401","https://openalex.org/W3096248315","https://openalex.org/W2156107562","https://openalex.org/W296463170","https://openalex.org/W2799446577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"compilation":[2],"is":[3],"presented":[4],"of":[5,36,69,115],"impacts":[6,85],"(interference":[7],"and":[8,14,40,52,64,79,91],"damage)":[9],"realized":[10],"on":[11],"long\u2010line":[12],"telegraph":[13],"telephone":[15],"systems":[16,107,120],"across":[17],"North":[18],"America":[19],"during":[20,30,41],"the":[21,34,42,66,82,89,93],"13\u201316":[22],"May":[23,116],"1921":[24],"magnetic":[25],"storm.":[26],"Impacts":[27,47],"occurred":[28],"primarily":[29],"local":[31],"nighttime,":[32],"after":[33],"third":[35],"four":[37],"sudden":[38],"commencements,":[39],"storm's":[43],"most\u2010prominent":[44],"main":[45],"phase.":[46],"are":[48,108,121],"attributed":[49],"to":[50,75,111,125],"rapid":[51],"high\u2010amplitude":[53],"geomagnetic":[54],"field":[55],"variation":[56],"generated":[57],"by":[58,97],"substorms.":[59],"This":[60],"induced":[61],"potential":[62],"differences":[63],"between":[65],"grounding":[67],"points":[68],"communication":[70],"networks":[71],"that":[72,114],"were":[73,86],"sufficient":[74],"cause":[76],"system":[77],"interference":[78],"damage.":[80],"In":[81],"United":[83],"States,":[84],"concentrated":[87],"in":[88,92],"Midwest":[90],"East,":[94],"regions":[95],"characterized":[96],"high":[98],"electromagnetic":[99],"surface":[100],"impedance.":[101],"Given":[102],"technological":[103],"changes,":[104],"modern":[105],"telecommunication":[106],"less":[109],"exposed":[110,124],"storms":[112],"like":[113],"1921,":[117],"while":[118],"power\u2010grid":[119],"now":[122],"more":[123],"them.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
