{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999969467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019sw002329","title":"A 100\u2010year Geoelectric Hazard Analysis for the U.S. High\u2010Voltage Power Grid","display_name":"A 100\u2010year Geoelectric Hazard Analysis for the U.S. High\u2010Voltage Power Grid","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999969467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019sw002329","mag":"2999969467"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2019sw002329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019sw002329","pdf_url":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2019SW002329","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166492742","display_name":"Space Weather","issn_l":"1542-7390","issn":["1542-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2019SW002329","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037394360","display_name":"Greg Lucas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1331-1863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114008","display_name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/01fcjzv38","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I4210114008"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. M. Lucas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomagnetism Program U.S. Geological Survey  Denver CO USA","Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics  Boulder CO USA","Geomagnetism Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA","Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomagnetism Program U.S. Geological Survey  Denver CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics  Boulder CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomagnetism Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065260177","display_name":"Jeffrey J. Love","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. J. Love","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomagnetism Program U.S. Geological Survey  Denver CO USA","Geomagnetism Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomagnetism Program U.S. Geological Survey  Denver CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomagnetism Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075822850","display_name":"Anna Kelbert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4395-398X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Kelbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomagnetism Program U.S. Geological Survey  Denver CO USA","Geomagnetism Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomagnetism Program U.S. Geological Survey  Denver CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomagnetism Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074299760","display_name":"Paul A. Bedrosian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800772125","display_name":"Denver Federal Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxjag90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280600231","https://openalex.org/I2800772125"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. A. Bedrosian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center U.S. Geological Survey  Denver CO USA","Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center U.S. Geological Survey  Denver CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I2800772125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108721575","display_name":"E. J. Rigler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. J. Rigler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomagnetism Program U.S. Geological Survey  Denver CO USA","Geomagnetism Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomagnetism Program U.S. Geological Survey  Denver CO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomagnetism Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065260177"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"],"apc_list":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"apc_paid":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"fwci":3.9807,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94937014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetotellurics","display_name":"Magnetotellurics","score":0.6677249073982239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-transmission","display_name":"Electric power transmission","score":0.5657231211662292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5632902383804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earths-magnetic-field","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","score":0.5454391837120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomagnetically-induced-current","display_name":"Geomagnetically induced current","score":0.5188859105110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.48663124442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomagnetic-storm","display_name":"Geomagnetic storm","score":0.3808956742286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12253826856613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1142517626285553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.11311459541320801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.062369853258132935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413106","display_name":"Magnetotellurics","level":3,"score":0.6677249073982239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140311924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928","display_name":"Electric power transmission","level":2,"score":0.5657231211662292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5632902383804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199635899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500960","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","level":3,"score":0.5454391837120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7328023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1280612","display_name":"Geomagnetically induced current","level":5,"score":0.5188859105110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.48663124442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170641098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130011","display_name":"Geomagnetic storm","level":4,"score":0.3808956742286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12253826856613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1142517626285553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.11311459541320801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.062369853258132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69990965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698","display_name":"Electrical resistivity and conductivity","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2019sw002329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019sw002329","pdf_url":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2019SW002329","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166492742","display_name":"Space Weather","issn_l":"1542-7390","issn":["1542-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bec88de9ad4d4a94830ef30a7406044a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bec88de9ad4d4a94830ef30a7406044a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather, Vol 18, Iss 2, Pp n/a-n/a (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2019sw002329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019sw002329","pdf_url":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2019SW002329","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166492742","display_name":"Space Weather","issn_l":"1542-7390","issn":["1542-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597743731","https://openalex.org/W1701835845","https://openalex.org/W1971451802","https://openalex.org/W1974462235","https://openalex.org/W1980528604","https://openalex.org/W1990030597","https://openalex.org/W1991191639","https://openalex.org/W1995799897","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2000042664","https://openalex.org/W2000238553","https://openalex.org/W2006338506","https://openalex.org/W2054940177","https://openalex.org/W2058922119","https://openalex.org/W2062618883","https://openalex.org/W2078441523","https://openalex.org/W2083063952","https://openalex.org/W2084600133","https://openalex.org/W2085112427","https://openalex.org/W2088856850","https://openalex.org/W2105597174","https://openalex.org/W2110836649","https://openalex.org/W2129603181","https://openalex.org/W2157943944","https://openalex.org/W2163725756","https://openalex.org/W2180188025","https://openalex.org/W2305107767","https://openalex.org/W2472803348","https://openalex.org/W2517851748","https://openalex.org/W2519557164","https://openalex.org/W2526806872","https://openalex.org/W2564011016","https://openalex.org/W2564808782","https://openalex.org/W2565936497","https://openalex.org/W2582776871","https://openalex.org/W2729013334","https://openalex.org/W2765681699","https://openalex.org/W2767881733","https://openalex.org/W2788580411","https://openalex.org/W2790302172","https://openalex.org/W2794933829","https://openalex.org/W2804429017","https://openalex.org/W2892917528","https://openalex.org/W2907072673","https://openalex.org/W2921877306","https://openalex.org/W2973954250","https://openalex.org/W2974893746","https://openalex.org/W2979945018","https://openalex.org/W3103362336","https://openalex.org/W4253749929","https://openalex.org/W6902928169","https://openalex.org/W6944025344","https://openalex.org/W6944033726","https://openalex.org/W6944071867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2973305940","https://openalex.org/W3021612057","https://openalex.org/W1900876549","https://openalex.org/W2176508217","https://openalex.org/W3008624448","https://openalex.org/W2393475483","https://openalex.org/W2043935036","https://openalex.org/W2356062537","https://openalex.org/W2144451755","https://openalex.org/W2156107562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1,14],"once\u2010per\u2010century":[2,70],"geoelectric":[3,55,71,92,140,145,176],"hazard":[4,56],"map":[5],"is":[6,24],"created":[7],"for":[8],"the":[9,32,59,74,80,87,128,137,170,182,190],"U.S.":[10,88],"high\u2010voltage":[11],"power":[12,89,151],"grid.":[13,90],"statistical":[15],"extrapolation":[16],"from":[17,38,102],"31":[18],"years":[19],"of":[20,100,105,116,127],"magnetic":[21],"field":[22,93,141],"measurements":[23],"made":[25],"by":[26],"identifying":[27],"84":[28],"geomagnetic":[29,40],"storms":[30],"with":[31,58,124,173],"Kp":[33],"and":[34,46,78,180,189],"Dst":[35],"indices.":[36],"Data":[37],"24":[39],"observatories,":[41],"1,079":[42],"magnetotelluric":[43,75],"survey":[44,76],"sites,":[45],"17,258":[47],"transmission":[48,84,152,156,165],"lines":[49,85],"are":[50,178],"utilized":[51],"to":[52,113],"perform":[53],"a":[54,103,109,114,120,150],"analysis":[57],"most":[60],"comprehensive":[61],"data":[62],"publicly":[63],"available.":[64],"With":[65],"these":[66],"data,":[67],"we":[68],"estimate":[69],"fields":[72],"at":[73,108,119],"sites":[77],"calculate":[79],"theoretical":[81],"voltages":[82,158],"within":[83],"in":[86,111,122,163,169],"Once\u2010per\u2010century":[91],"strengths":[94],"span":[95],"more":[96],"than":[97],"3":[98],"orders":[99],"magnitude":[101],"minimum":[104],"0.02":[106],"V/km":[107,118],"site":[110,121],"Idaho":[112],"maximum":[115],"27.2":[117],"Maine,":[123],"nearly":[125],"30%":[126],"surveyed":[129],"land":[130],"area":[131],"exceeding":[132],"1":[133],"V/km.":[134],"We":[135],"show":[136],"influence":[138],"that":[139],"polarization":[142],"has":[143],"on":[144,149],"hazards":[146,177],"when":[147],"viewed":[148],"network.":[153],"The":[154],"calculated":[155],"line":[157],"can":[159],"approach":[160],"1,000":[161],"V":[162],"some":[164],"lines.":[166],"Four":[167],"regions":[168],"United":[171],"States":[172],"particularly":[174],"notable":[175],"identified":[179],"discussed:":[181],"East":[183],"Coast,":[184],"Pacific":[185],"Northwest,":[186],"Upper":[187],"Midwest,":[188],"Denver":[191],"metropolitan":[192],"area.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-08-09T07:27:16.801131","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}