{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015047612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022812926936","title":"A Version Space Approach to Learning Context-free Grammars","display_name":"A Version Space Approach to Learning Context-free Grammars","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015047612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022812926936","mag":"2015047612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1022812926936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022812926936","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1022812926936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1022812926936.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056664279","display_name":"Kurt VanLehn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-2003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt Vanlehn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA","Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 U.S.A. VANLEHN@A.PSY.CMU.EDU#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 U.S.A. VANLEHN@A.PSY.CMU.EDU#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067687288","display_name":"William E. Ball","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Ball","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA","Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 U.S.A. BALL@A.PSY.CMU.EDU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 U.S.A. BALL@A.PSY.CMU.EDU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2399,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89689183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"39","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.6313226222991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5792902112007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5422064661979675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5344901084899902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.5162224769592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.4981870651245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4899651110172272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4648292064666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.45862501859664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4584254026412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42819955945014954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42473047971725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-free-grammar","display_name":"Context-free grammar","score":0.4142928719520569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebra-over-a-field","display_name":"Algebra over a field","score":0.32845163345336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29032573103904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.10018190741539001}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6313226222991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5792902112007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5422064661979675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5344901084899902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5162224769592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4981870651245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4899651110172272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4648292064666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45862501859664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4584254026412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42819955945014954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42473047971725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97212296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338047","display_name":"Context-free grammar","level":3,"score":0.4142928719520569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.32845163345336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29032573103904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.10018190741539001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1022812926936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022812926936","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1022812926936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1022812926936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022812926936","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1022812926936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2015047612.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2015047612.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119405489","https://openalex.org/W186322017","https://openalex.org/W267509179","https://openalex.org/W421997344","https://openalex.org/W562127744","https://openalex.org/W1487155516","https://openalex.org/W1567904269","https://openalex.org/W1572739059","https://openalex.org/W1596324102","https://openalex.org/W1615525475","https://openalex.org/W1708874574","https://openalex.org/W1817451992","https://openalex.org/W1968833464","https://openalex.org/W1969005071","https://openalex.org/W2002089154","https://openalex.org/W2009207944","https://openalex.org/W2026740477","https://openalex.org/W2035346816","https://openalex.org/W2054873730","https://openalex.org/W2078176013","https://openalex.org/W2078828996","https://openalex.org/W2081981374","https://openalex.org/W2083208676","https://openalex.org/W2132513611","https://openalex.org/W2147611619","https://openalex.org/W2149201404","https://openalex.org/W2165634733","https://openalex.org/W2255749336","https://openalex.org/W2331651964","https://openalex.org/W2592184324","https://openalex.org/W2798445359","https://openalex.org/W3142963976","https://openalex.org/W4206505079","https://openalex.org/W4230806239","https://openalex.org/W4249034801","https://openalex.org/W4251423297","https://openalex.org/W4256104642","https://openalex.org/W4300988206","https://openalex.org/W4302339081","https://openalex.org/W6604883852","https://openalex.org/W6609936677","https://openalex.org/W6637636544","https://openalex.org/W6638599355","https://openalex.org/W6670256387","https://openalex.org/W6671225910","https://openalex.org/W6684555807","https://openalex.org/W7047846995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557335907","https://openalex.org/W4286266684","https://openalex.org/W1586408085","https://openalex.org/W1538450113","https://openalex.org/W1656514314","https://openalex.org/W59084530","https://openalex.org/W4245826738","https://openalex.org/W3013382169","https://openalex.org/W2389079996","https://openalex.org/W2041624339"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
