{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1563525949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022617312306","title":null,"display_name":null,"publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1563525949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022617312306","mag":"1563525949"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1022617312306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022617312306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103352994","display_name":"K.J. Adams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K.J. Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, UK","Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK (E-mail: kj.adams@ulster.ac.uk)#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK (E-mail: kj.adams@ulster.ac.uk)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101893553","display_name":"David Bell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3148-6691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.A. Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, UK","Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090581800","display_name":"Liam Maguire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-3298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.P. Maguire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, UK","Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029982665","display_name":"James McGregor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6813-306X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. McGregor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, UK","Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of Ulster, Magee College, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103352994"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0997,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75635639,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"153","last_page":"176"},"is_retracted":null,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11063","display_name":"Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11063","display_name":"Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10538","display_name":"Data Mining Algorithms and Applications","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-table","display_name":"Decision table","score":0.61257404088974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rough-set","display_name":"Rough set","score":0.5524338483810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5504752397537231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5020613670349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.489317387342453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.45697271823883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43738648295402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.42661458253860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literal","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","score":0.42224639654159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3993419110774994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3830425441265106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2809913754463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10002228617668152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172967692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747762","display_name":"Decision table","level":3,"score":0.61257404088974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111012933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3137210","display_name":"Rough set","level":2,"score":0.5524338483810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5504752397537231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5020613670349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.489317387342453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.45697271823883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43738648295402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42661458253860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780882242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14235582","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.42224639654159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3993419110774994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3830425441265106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2809913754463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10002228617668152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1022617312306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022617312306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498138768","https://openalex.org/W1541868362","https://openalex.org/W1551340995","https://openalex.org/W1557923305","https://openalex.org/W1834643356","https://openalex.org/W1843398406","https://openalex.org/W1960152183","https://openalex.org/W2000090444","https://openalex.org/W2004229705","https://openalex.org/W2055696728","https://openalex.org/W2105832589","https://openalex.org/W2106539401","https://openalex.org/W2115889005","https://openalex.org/W2120514998","https://openalex.org/W2125326205","https://openalex.org/W2133105235","https://openalex.org/W2142233933","https://openalex.org/W2146478066","https://openalex.org/W2148324414","https://openalex.org/W2151770327","https://openalex.org/W2168367439","https://openalex.org/W2169742923","https://openalex.org/W2170397522","https://openalex.org/W2340020088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968977907","https://openalex.org/W1762865978","https://openalex.org/W2472455248","https://openalex.org/W3013418296","https://openalex.org/W2379959492","https://openalex.org/W2142981909","https://openalex.org/W2354227702","https://openalex.org/W2380686565","https://openalex.org/W2392716952","https://openalex.org/W2360431223"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
