{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1559179949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018946223345","title":"Viewpoints: principles, problems and a practical approach to requirements engineering","display_name":"Viewpoints: principles, problems and a practical approach to requirements engineering","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1559179949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018946223345","mag":"1559179949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1018946223345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018946223345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104191512","display_name":"Annals of Software Engineering","issn_l":"1022-7091","issn":["1022-7091","1573-7489"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111722325","display_name":"Ian Sommerville","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Sommerville","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK","Computing Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061537459","display_name":"Pete Sawyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8044-2738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pete Sawyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK","Computing Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.6143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":214,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97599668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"101","last_page":"130"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewpoints","display_name":"Viewpoints","score":0.9235188961029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-engineering","display_name":"Requirements engineering","score":0.7184693813323975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6522399187088013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-analysis","display_name":"Requirements analysis","score":0.5530275106430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presentation","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","score":0.5516817569732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.49540507793426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.484596848487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirement","display_name":"Requirement","score":0.44208672642707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-functional-requirement","display_name":"Non-functional requirement","score":0.4219302535057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-elicitation","display_name":"Requirements elicitation","score":0.41319525241851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.32595980167388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2422712743282318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21979278326034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.09814688563346863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.9235188961029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6604083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376937","display_name":"Requirements engineering","level":3,"score":0.7184693813323975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6522399187088013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59488412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187147","display_name":"Requirements analysis","level":3,"score":0.5530275106430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","level":2,"score":0.5516817569732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.49540507793426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.484596848487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135475081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774228","display_name":"Requirement","level":4,"score":0.44208672642707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199747065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3254666","display_name":"Non-functional requirement","level":5,"score":0.4219302535057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45384764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838667","display_name":"Requirements elicitation","level":4,"score":0.41319525241851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.32595980167388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2422712743282318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21979278326034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.09814688563346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1018946223345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018946223345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104191512","display_name":"Annals of Software Engineering","issn_l":"1022-7091","issn":["1022-7091","1573-7489"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552830686","https://openalex.org/W1734354652","https://openalex.org/W1754883368","https://openalex.org/W1976028377","https://openalex.org/W1989160441","https://openalex.org/W1990090837","https://openalex.org/W1996756475","https://openalex.org/W2044301784","https://openalex.org/W2046795207","https://openalex.org/W2049704651","https://openalex.org/W2079725779","https://openalex.org/W2084618437","https://openalex.org/W2097287938","https://openalex.org/W2099293367","https://openalex.org/W2105603754","https://openalex.org/W2115937516","https://openalex.org/W2120248232","https://openalex.org/W2130493984","https://openalex.org/W2135920852","https://openalex.org/W2138782822","https://openalex.org/W2148611855","https://openalex.org/W2152954823","https://openalex.org/W2912885751","https://openalex.org/W2986348978","https://openalex.org/W6758635517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2472769502","https://openalex.org/W2242308721","https://openalex.org/W142054160","https://openalex.org/W4254568495","https://openalex.org/W2086989715","https://openalex.org/W2901540557","https://openalex.org/W2047626779","https://openalex.org/W2608001814","https://openalex.org/W1617997706","https://openalex.org/W2131561030"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}