{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1716641811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010071109785","title":null,"display_name":null,"publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1716641811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010071109785","mag":"1716641811"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1010071109785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010071109785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4121042","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","issn_l":"1387-5868","issn":["1387-5868","1542-7633","1573-9252"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073819937","display_name":"Laura A. Carlson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1965-2477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laura A. Carlson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame, USA","University of Notre Dame"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073819937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.118,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91596019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"4","first_page":"365","last_page":"379"},"is_retracted":null,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-frame","display_name":"Reference frame","score":0.8579274415969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-of-reference","display_name":"Frame of reference","score":0.754188060760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6944297552108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.6526259183883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5694098472595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5674771666526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5479429364204407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5274860262870789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.47438719868659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-contextual-awareness","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","score":0.46811479330062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4480040669441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.41675424575805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4125664532184601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18898391723632812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13429242372512817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08140426874160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07467469573020935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172849965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3148875","display_name":"Reference frame","level":3,"score":0.8579274415969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74992021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184876","display_name":"Frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.754188060760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6944297552108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.6526259183883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5694098472595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5674771666526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5479429364204407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5274860262870789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.47438719868659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64754055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574053","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","level":2,"score":0.46811479330062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4480040669441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.41675424575805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4125664532184601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18898391723632812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13429242372512817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08140426874160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07467469573020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1010071109785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010071109785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4121042","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","issn_l":"1387-5868","issn":["1387-5868","1542-7633","1573-9252"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517125535","https://openalex.org/W1520020354","https://openalex.org/W1534186442","https://openalex.org/W1593539964","https://openalex.org/W1634667895","https://openalex.org/W1801951652","https://openalex.org/W1963681778","https://openalex.org/W1983953328","https://openalex.org/W1986315574","https://openalex.org/W1989509065","https://openalex.org/W1992019242","https://openalex.org/W1999274754","https://openalex.org/W2005288693","https://openalex.org/W2013882858","https://openalex.org/W2016040241","https://openalex.org/W2032458800","https://openalex.org/W2045437727","https://openalex.org/W2047789749","https://openalex.org/W2056684507","https://openalex.org/W2060816702","https://openalex.org/W2065343501","https://openalex.org/W2066861533","https://openalex.org/W2069765186","https://openalex.org/W2080474773","https://openalex.org/W2081185182","https://openalex.org/W2089652186","https://openalex.org/W2105152658","https://openalex.org/W2110930288","https://openalex.org/W2141604359","https://openalex.org/W2252425167","https://openalex.org/W3009125560","https://openalex.org/W4248977293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155443586","https://openalex.org/W2766932195","https://openalex.org/W2112002268","https://openalex.org/W2295869952","https://openalex.org/W1996490590","https://openalex.org/W1726816713","https://openalex.org/W2566455068","https://openalex.org/W2105267066","https://openalex.org/W2770260910","https://openalex.org/W2471357224"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}