{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2030809620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ci9601123","title":"META. 3. A Genetic Algorithm for Metabolic Transform Priorities Optimization","display_name":"META. 3. A Genetic Algorithm for Metabolic Transform Priorities Optimization","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2030809620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ci9601123","mag":"2030809620","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9157102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/ci9601123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ci9601123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171559003","display_name":"Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0095-2338","issn":["0095-2338","1520-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109951465","display_name":"Gilles Klopman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gilles Klopman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106","Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111750948","display_name":"Meihua Tu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meihua Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043244841","display_name":"Joseph Talafous","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Talafous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109951465"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2397,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51206544,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"2","first_page":"329","last_page":"334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10932","display_name":"Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10932","display_name":"Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10908","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6660662889480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.6429759860038757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.6402963399887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.6159005761146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biotransformation","display_name":"Biotransformation","score":0.5982995629310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.4895938038825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42608439922332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xenobiotic","display_name":"Xenobiotic","score":0.411873459815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3721000552177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3410261273384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3394770622253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.1448364555835724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12651950120925903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochemistry","display_name":"Biochemistry","score":0.09246265888214111}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6660662889480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.6429759860038757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6402963399887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6159005761146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27881333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864895","display_name":"Biotransformation","level":3,"score":0.5982995629310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.4895938038825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42608439922332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115448650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409205","display_name":"Xenobiotic","level":3,"score":0.411873459815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3721000552177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3410261273384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3394770622253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1448364555835724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12651950120925903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.09246265888214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001711","descriptor_name":"Biotransformation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001711","descriptor_name":"Biotransformation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001711","descriptor_name":"Biotransformation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015262","descriptor_name":"Xenobiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015262","descriptor_name":"Xenobiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015262","descriptor_name":"Xenobiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/ci9601123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ci9601123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171559003","display_name":"Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0095-2338","issn":["0095-2338","1520-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9157102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9157102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of chemical information and computer sciences","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39750309","https://openalex.org/W318512518","https://openalex.org/W586325336","https://openalex.org/W595401227","https://openalex.org/W1967861313","https://openalex.org/W1984831176","https://openalex.org/W1997974358","https://openalex.org/W2036060013","https://openalex.org/W2046490757","https://openalex.org/W2075316284","https://openalex.org/W2087205955","https://openalex.org/W2101206889","https://openalex.org/W2107880466","https://openalex.org/W2153957501","https://openalex.org/W2331596982","https://openalex.org/W2799114041","https://openalex.org/W3023831321","https://openalex.org/W4211102760","https://openalex.org/W4250503569","https://openalex.org/W4301173492","https://openalex.org/W4301845442","https://openalex.org/W6608090867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076719315","https://openalex.org/W4386284808","https://openalex.org/W2401924522","https://openalex.org/W2460586648","https://openalex.org/W2974428425","https://openalex.org/W2013015354","https://openalex.org/W4253491312","https://openalex.org/W2125768955","https://openalex.org/W4389943749","https://openalex.org/W2037671877"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"META":[0],"is":[1,38],"a":[2,18,27,35],"knowledge-based":[3],"expert":[4],"system":[5],"that":[6],"simulates":[7],"the":[8,15,43,48,51],"biotransformation":[9],"of":[10,17,50],"xenobiotics.":[11],"It":[12],"operates":[13],"with":[14],"help":[16,41],"dictionary":[19],"(knowledge":[20],"base)":[21],"to":[22,32,40],"seek":[23],"target":[24],"fragments":[25],"in":[26],"compound":[28],"and":[29,46],"transform":[30],"them":[31],"products.":[33],"Here,":[34],"genetic":[36],"algorithm":[37],"introduced":[39],"build":[42],"knowledge":[44],"base":[45],"optimize":[47],"performance":[49],"methodology.":[52]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}