{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201459007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0890060421000251","title":"An investigation into the cognitive, metacognitive, and spatial markers of creativity and efficiency in architectural design","display_name":"An investigation into the cognitive, metacognitive, and spatial markers of creativity and efficiency in architectural design","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201459007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0890060421000251","mag":"3201459007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0890060421000251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0890060421000251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193102","display_name":"Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturing","issn_l":"0890-0604","issn":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0890060421000251","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088445438","display_name":"K Al-Sayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2047-8565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kinda Al Sayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Chichester 1, Falmer, BrightonBN1 9QJ, UK","School of Engineering and Informatics","University of Sussex Chichester 1 Falmer Brighton BN1 9QJ","University College London, UK","University of Sussex, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Chichester 1, Falmer, BrightonBN1 9QJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Informatics","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex Chichester 1 Falmer Brighton BN1 9QJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110803943","display_name":"Peter C H. Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter C H. Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sussex, BrightonBN1 9QJ, UK","University of Sussex Chichester 1 Falmer Brighton BN1 9QJ","University College London, UK","University of Sussex, UK","School of Engineering and Informatics"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex, BrightonBN1 9QJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex Chichester 1 Falmer Brighton BN1 9QJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Informatics","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026140430","display_name":"Alan Penn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3793-8134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Penn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, UK","School of Engineering and Informatics","University of Sussex, UK","University College London, UK","University of Sussex Chichester 1 Falmer Brighton BN1 9QJ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Informatics","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex Chichester 1 Falmer Brighton BN1 9QJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088445438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41658339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"4","first_page":"423","last_page":"437"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11079","display_name":"Creativity in Education and Neuroscience","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creativity","display_name":"Creativity","score":0.910367488861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metacognition","display_name":"Metacognition","score":0.7032322883605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6373632550239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-design-process","display_name":"Engineering design process","score":0.5086473226547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4779275059700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-analysis","display_name":"Protocol analysis","score":0.4669044613838196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4550004303455353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.44406983256340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.35045915842056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.24982309341430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2477075755596161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.17531254887580872}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.910367488861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.7032322883605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6373632550239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34972735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920267","display_name":"Engineering design process","level":2,"score":0.5086473226547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4779275059700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133112747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251931","display_name":"Protocol analysis","level":2,"score":0.4669044613838196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4550004303455353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44406983256340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.35045915842056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.24982309341430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2477075755596161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.17531254887580872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0890060421000251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0890060421000251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193102","display_name":"Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturing","issn_l":"0890-0604","issn":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10141930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10141930/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing , 35  (4)   pp. 423-437.   (2021)      ","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/23484146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/An_investigation_into_the_cognitive_metacognitive_and_spatial_markers_of_creativity_and_efficiency_in_architectural_design/23484146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sro.sussex.ac.uk:101740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/101740/1/AIEDAM_Creativity%26Efficiency_acceptedManuscript.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400129","display_name":"Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","host_organization_name":"University of Sussex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0890060421000251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0890060421000251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193102","display_name":"Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturing","issn_l":"0890-0604","issn":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320325","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38161365","https://openalex.org/W123635537","https://openalex.org/W1544816857","https://openalex.org/W1985013992","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2044320145","https://openalex.org/W2079778326","https://openalex.org/W2080470571","https://openalex.org/W2081270522","https://openalex.org/W2111898826","https://openalex.org/W2129335383","https://openalex.org/W2131370811","https://openalex.org/W2133799906","https://openalex.org/W2149129640","https://openalex.org/W2329029318","https://openalex.org/W2542311459","https://openalex.org/W2592785374","https://openalex.org/W2751624169","https://openalex.org/W2947043491","https://openalex.org/W3009231711","https://openalex.org/W3113624476","https://openalex.org/W4253431079","https://openalex.org/W6637665140","https://openalex.org/W6678995101","https://openalex.org/W6680148704"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2987254216","https://openalex.org/W4296656082","https://openalex.org/W4256532406","https://openalex.org/W336145253","https://openalex.org/W2017057457","https://openalex.org/W2412175394","https://openalex.org/W2046227342","https://openalex.org/W2582628485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"presents":[3],"a":[4,38,41,48,223],"preliminary":[5],"study":[6],"into":[7],"the":[8,23,65,95,120,129,138,168,172,181],"spatial":[9,161,211],"features":[10],"that":[11,31,190,206,214,221],"can":[12,193],"be":[13,194],"used":[14,84,114,195],"to":[15,60,88,94,115,154,196,228],"distinguish":[16],"creativity":[17,90,133,150,198],"andefficiency":[18],"in":[19,119,167,201,219],"design":[20,39,49,66,69,97,100,169,177,220,232,238],"layouts,":[21],"and":[22,28,56,71,76,91,110,122,131,140,151,162,171,174,199,213,216,234],"distinct":[24,210],"pattern":[25],"of":[26,43,81,125,137,165,176,183,231],"cognitive":[27,121,157,215],"metacognitive":[29,159,217],"activity":[30,53,124,218],"is":[32],"associated":[33],"with":[34,128],"creative":[35,225],"design.":[36,184],"In":[37],"experiment,":[40],"group":[42,80],"12":[44,96],"architects":[45,83],"were":[46,58,74,102,113,143],"handed":[47],"brief.":[50],"Their":[51],"drawing":[52],"was":[54],"recorded":[55],"they":[57],"required":[59],"externalize":[61],"their":[62,85],"thoughts":[63],"during":[64],"process.":[67],"Both":[68],"solutions":[70,101],"verbal":[72],"comments":[73],"analysed":[75],"modelled.":[77],"A":[78],"separate":[79],"experienced":[82],"expert":[86,191],"knowledge":[87,141,192],"assign":[89],"efficiency":[92,152,200],"scores":[93],"solutions.":[98],"The":[99],"evaluated":[103],"spatially.":[104],"Protocol":[105],"analysis":[106,112],"studies":[107],"including":[108],"linkography":[109],"macroscopic":[111],"discern":[116],"distinctive":[117],"patterns":[118],"metacognition":[123],"designs":[126],"marked":[127],"highest":[130],"least":[132],"scores.":[134],"Entropy":[135],"models":[136],"linkographs":[139],"graphs":[142],"further":[144],"introduced":[145],"Finally,":[146],"we":[147,188],"assessed":[148],"how":[149],"correlates":[153],"experiment":[155],"variables,":[156],"activity,":[158,160],"functional":[163],"distribution":[164],"spaces":[166],"solutions,":[170],"number":[173],"type":[175],"constraints":[178],"applied":[179],"through":[180],"course":[182],"Through":[185],"this":[186],"investigation,":[187],"suggest":[189],"assess":[197],"designs.":[202],"Our":[203],"findings":[204],"indicate":[205],"efficient":[207],"layouts":[208],"have":[209],"features,":[212],"yields":[222],"highly":[224],"outcome":[226],"corresponds":[227],"higher":[229,235],"frequencies":[230],"moves":[233],"linkages":[236],"between":[237],"moves.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}