{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158235009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324999002120","title":"An approach to program understanding by natural language understanding","display_name":"An approach to program understanding by natural language understanding","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158235009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324999002120","mag":"2158235009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324999002120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324999002120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036609407","display_name":"Letha H. Etzkorn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3203-9236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"LETHA H. ETZKORN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; e-mail:","Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","e-mail:"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail:","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014038067","display_name":"L. L. Bowen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"LISA L. BOWEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; e-mail:","Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","e-mail:"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail:","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003090876","display_name":"Carl G. Davis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CARL G. DAVIS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; e-mail:","Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","e-mail:"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail:","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036609407"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4701,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93971184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"219","last_page":"236"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8682762384414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.7040131092071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6633919477462769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.568831741809845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-reuse","display_name":"Code reuse","score":0.5434532165527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-oriented-programming","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","score":0.5376101732254028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.49659234285354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kpi-driven-code-analysis","display_name":"KPI-driven code analysis","score":0.48773273825645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.46389010548591614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.4415481388568878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legacy-code","display_name":"Legacy code","score":0.4384163022041321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4355289340019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.42201676964759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-maintenance","display_name":"Software maintenance","score":0.42110005021095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.41646403074264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4104354679584503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24640530347824097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8682762384414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.7040131092071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6633919477462769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.568831741809845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778583558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771245","display_name":"Code reuse","level":3,"score":0.5434532165527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73752529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79872","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","level":2,"score":0.5376101732254028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.49659234285354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121957198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14365593","display_name":"KPI-driven code analysis","level":5,"score":0.48773273825645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.46389010548591614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.4415481388568878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85687889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445962","display_name":"Legacy code","level":3,"score":0.4384163022041321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4355289340019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.42201676964759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101317890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940053","display_name":"Software maintenance","level":4,"score":0.42110005021095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.41646403074264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4104354679584503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24640530347824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324999002120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324999002120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.42.2366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.42.2366","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.uah.edu/~letzkorn/jnle.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492233445","https://openalex.org/W1504561445","https://openalex.org/W1548204228","https://openalex.org/W1569464364","https://openalex.org/W1698800990","https://openalex.org/W1976886499","https://openalex.org/W2019912855","https://openalex.org/W2033750216","https://openalex.org/W2057343601","https://openalex.org/W2080011400","https://openalex.org/W2112134342","https://openalex.org/W2113318176","https://openalex.org/W2116965677","https://openalex.org/W2302597274","https://openalex.org/W2994311150","https://openalex.org/W3089319657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765394967","https://openalex.org/W2938801257","https://openalex.org/W3005789994","https://openalex.org/W2189387569","https://openalex.org/W2148908100","https://openalex.org/W3132717223","https://openalex.org/W2145258344","https://openalex.org/W2142991486","https://openalex.org/W2572745718","https://openalex.org/W1536501326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"automated":[1,73],"tool":[2],"to":[3,42,71,81],"assist":[4],"in":[5,16,28,50,130,143],"the":[6,17,53,57,72,82,92,102,118,124,127,131,144],"understanding":[7,74],"of":[8,19,56,75,84,117,126,133],"legacy":[9],"code":[10,38,59,77,86],"components":[11],"can":[12],"be":[13,43],"useful":[14],"both":[15],"areas":[18],"software":[20,23],"reuse":[21,55,83],"and":[22,123],"maintenance.":[24],"Most":[25],"previous":[26],"work":[27],"this":[29],"area":[30],"has":[31,39],"concentrated":[32],"on":[33],"functionally-oriented":[34,48],"code.":[35],"Whereas":[36],"object-oriented":[37,58,76,85],"been":[40],"shown":[41],"inherently":[44],"more":[45],"reusable":[46],"than":[47],"code,":[49],"many":[51],"cases":[52],"eventual":[54],"was":[60],"not":[61],"considered":[62],"during":[63],"development.":[64],"A":[65,89],"knowledge-based,":[66],"natural":[67,107,141],"language":[68,108],"processing":[69],"approach":[70,103],"as":[78],"an":[79],"aid":[80],"is":[87,104,121,136],"described.":[88,137,148],"system,":[90,129],"called":[91],"PATRicia":[93,119,128,145],"system":[94,111,120,146],"(Program":[95],"Analysis":[96],"Tool":[97],"for":[98],"Reuse)":[99],"that":[100,112],"implements":[101],"examined.":[105],"The":[106],"processing/information":[109],"extraction":[110],"comprises":[113],"a":[114],"large":[115],"part":[116],"discussed":[122],"knowledge-base":[125],"form":[132],"conceptual":[134],"graphs,":[135],"Reports":[138],"provided":[139],"by":[140],"language-generation":[142],"are":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}