{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096731684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324920000327","title":"A systematic review of unsupervised approaches to grammar induction","display_name":"A systematic review of unsupervised approaches to grammar induction","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096731684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324920000327","mag":"3096731684"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324920000327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324920000327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065047201","display_name":"Vigneshwaran Muralidaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9715-2953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vigneshwaran Muralidaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, John Percival Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9715-2953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, John Percival Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016345745","display_name":"\u202aIrena Spasi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-3885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irena Spasi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Queen\u2019s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Queen\u2019s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078509849","display_name":"Dawn Knight","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4745-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dawn Knight","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, John Percival Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, John Percival Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078509849"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2718,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6543684,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"6","first_page":"647","last_page":"689"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8587251901626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar-induction","display_name":"Grammar induction","score":0.7439959049224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.7019655108451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.6572650074958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6562860012054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6405838131904602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6251688599586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-grammar","display_name":"Link grammar","score":0.5348431468009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator-precedence-grammar","display_name":"Operator-precedence grammar","score":0.46103930473327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergent-grammar","display_name":"Emergent grammar","score":0.4276282787322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribute-grammar","display_name":"Attribute grammar","score":0.4222196340560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2853459119796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.2752261757850647}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8587251901626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56601403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5593673","display_name":"Grammar induction","level":3,"score":0.7439959049224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.7019655108451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.6572650074958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6562860012054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6405838131904602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6251688599586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C957247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554304","display_name":"Link grammar","level":4,"score":0.5348431468009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131232501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113343","display_name":"Operator-precedence grammar","level":4,"score":0.46103930473327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69298649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6045214","display_name":"Emergent grammar","level":3,"score":0.4276282787322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164041254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597455","display_name":"Attribute grammar","level":3,"score":0.4222196340560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2853459119796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.2752261757850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324920000327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324920000327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:137035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/137035/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G532868971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/M011348/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":122,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29175167","https://openalex.org/W56023180","https://openalex.org/W72959365","https://openalex.org/W90439013","https://openalex.org/W136741500","https://openalex.org/W183201499","https://openalex.org/W332987524","https://openalex.org/W600197013","https://openalex.org/W608050949","https://openalex.org/W623858940","https://openalex.org/W1508382620","https://openalex.org/W1527783480","https://openalex.org/W1535681052","https://openalex.org/W1542847127","https://openalex.org/W1554648294","https://openalex.org/W1568886291","https://openalex.org/W1574661744","https://openalex.org/W1597880554","https://openalex.org/W1607035479","https://openalex.org/W1796802210","https://openalex.org/W1858862969","https://openalex.org/W1949881471","https://openalex.org/W1964313175","https://openalex.org/W1966367784","https://openalex.org/W1972573551","https://openalex.org/W1975406709","https://openalex.org/W1980590437","https://openalex.org/W1984179877","https://openalex.org/W1995661633","https://openalex.org/W1998030485","https://openalex.org/W1999520911","https://openalex.org/W2011725768","https://openalex.org/W2012322411","https://openalex.org/W2038248725","https://openalex.org/W2046432510","https://openalex.org/W2061626640","https://openalex.org/W2066636486","https://openalex.org/W2083423252","https://openalex.org/W2088672056","https://openalex.org/W2091349213","https://openalex.org/W2093476618","https://openalex.org/W2102366626","https://openalex.org/W2102910670","https://openalex.org/W2105783022","https://openalex.org/W2109397903","https://openalex.org/W2109605020","https://openalex.org/W2115803233","https://openalex.org/W2117871943","https://openalex.org/W2119628087","https://openalex.org/W2120339295","https://openalex.org/W2125987301","https://openalex.org/W2130454225","https://openalex.org/W2134312227","https://openalex.org/W2150945838","https://openalex.org/W2152977519","https://openalex.org/W2153568660","https://openalex.org/W2157762871","https://openalex.org/W2157898978","https://openalex.org/W2165348922","https://openalex.org/W2167855619","https://openalex.org/W2170716495","https://openalex.org/W2170868494","https://openalex.org/W2178457555","https://openalex.org/W2180373279","https://openalex.org/W2188913344","https://openalex.org/W2189473798","https://openalex.org/W2229162816","https://openalex.org/W2250340922","https://openalex.org/W2250861254","https://openalex.org/W2250864392","https://openalex.org/W2251477123","https://openalex.org/W2288116011","https://openalex.org/W2301095666","https://openalex.org/W2313797551","https://openalex.org/W2324597652","https://openalex.org/W2481920187","https://openalex.org/W2484448352","https://openalex.org/W2492850722","https://openalex.org/W2495761211","https://openalex.org/W2524182563","https://openalex.org/W2528594257","https://openalex.org/W2533879927","https://openalex.org/W2561321768","https://openalex.org/W2574887544","https://openalex.org/W2575994533","https://openalex.org/W2583552812","https://openalex.org/W2594908799","https://openalex.org/W2600110521","https://openalex.org/W2602978078","https://openalex.org/W2612972698","https://openalex.org/W2613000335","https://openalex.org/W2625306464","https://openalex.org/W2626908398","https://openalex.org/W2792932412","https://openalex.org/W2904336621","https://openalex.org/W2912076133","https://openalex.org/W2912172494","https://openalex.org/W2912372357","https://openalex.org/W2914181088","https://openalex.org/W2914753947","https://openalex.org/W2917458986","https://openalex.org/W2963525616","https://openalex.org/W2996500226","https://openalex.org/W3029150923","https://openalex.org/W3122282414","https://openalex.org/W3144483179","https://openalex.org/W4213335907","https://openalex.org/W4229781645","https://openalex.org/W4230231515","https://openalex.org/W4235217220","https://openalex.org/W4238912862","https://openalex.org/W4240102833","https://openalex.org/W4252090733","https://openalex.org/W4253274100","https://openalex.org/W4298574599","https://openalex.org/W6633063065","https://openalex.org/W6682485042","https://openalex.org/W6683013319","https://openalex.org/W6684707362","https://openalex.org/W6695180985","https://openalex.org/W6772160386","https://openalex.org/W7018323123"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2940776972","https://openalex.org/W2110905722","https://openalex.org/W2348602288","https://openalex.org/W4297993672","https://openalex.org/W66683365","https://openalex.org/W1904448203","https://openalex.org/W4206702477","https://openalex.org/W4379086787","https://openalex.org/W2519955549","https://openalex.org/W3037222963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,40,277],"study":[2],"systematically":[3],"reviews":[4],"existing":[5],"approaches":[6],"to":[7,24,44,64,87,116,147,301],"unsupervised":[8],"grammar":[9,32,58,73,80,89,134,152,200,239,265,307],"induction":[10,308],"in":[11,37,107,153,217,305],"terms":[12,108],"of":[13,28,31,57,72,79,109,127,133,151,168,171,196,210,237,264,275],"their":[14],"theoretical":[15,50,252,281],"underpinnings,":[16],"practical":[17],"implementations":[18,132,161,198,293],"and":[19,52,139,144,149,191,208,233,253,290],"evaluation.":[20],"Our":[21],"motivation":[22],"is":[23,41,178,183,266],"identify":[25],"the":[26,49,53,61,66,77,159,197,230,234,238,251,270,280,291,295],"influence":[27],"functional-cognitive":[29],"schools":[30],"on":[33,142,287,294],"language":[34],"processing":[35,55,150],"models":[36,56],"computational":[38,54,292,306],"linguistics.":[39],"an":[42],"effort":[43],"fill":[45],"any":[46],"gap":[47,278],"between":[48,279],"school":[51],"induction.":[59],"Specifically,":[60],"review":[62,125],"aims":[63],"answer":[65],"following":[67],"research":[68],"questions:":[69],"Which":[70,82,91],"types":[71],"theories":[74,143],"have":[75,84,93],"been":[76,85,94],"subjects":[78],"induction?":[81,90],"methods":[83,98,104,114],"employed":[86],"support":[88],"features":[92,185],"used":[95,186],"by":[96,222],"these":[97,103,113],"for":[99,123,187,229],"learning?":[100],"How":[101],"were":[102,121,162],"evaluated?":[105],"Finally,":[106],"performance,":[110],"how":[111,175,180],"do":[112],"compare":[115],"one":[117,288],"another?":[118],"Forty-three":[119],"studies":[120,255,286],"identified":[122],"systematic":[124],"out":[126],"which":[128],"33":[129,160],"described":[130],"original":[131],"induction;":[135],"three":[136],"provided":[137],"surveys":[138],"seven":[140],"focused":[141],"experiments":[145],"related":[146],"acquisition":[148],"humans.":[154],"The":[155,212],"data":[156],"extracted":[157],"from":[158],"stratified":[163],"into":[164],"7":[165],"different":[166],"aspects":[167],"analysis:":[169],"theory":[170],"grammar;":[172],"output":[173,235],"representation;":[174],"grammatical":[176,181],"productivity":[177,182],"processed;":[179],"represented;":[184],"learning;":[188],"evaluation":[189],"strategy":[190],"implementation":[192],"methodology.":[193],"In":[194],"most":[195],"considered,":[199],"was":[201,215,241],"treated":[202],"as":[203,282,284],"a":[204,218,244,247,259],"generative-formal":[205],"system,":[206],"autonomous":[207],"independent":[209],"meaning.":[211],"parser":[213],"decoding":[214],"done":[216],"non-incremental,":[219,272],"head-driven":[220],"fashion":[221],"assuming":[223],"that":[224,258],"all":[225],"words":[226],"are":[227],"available":[228],"parsing":[231],"model":[232],"representation":[236],"learnt":[240],"hierarchical,":[242],"typically":[243],"dependency":[245],"or":[246],"constituency":[248],"tree.":[249],"However,":[250],"experimental":[254,285],"considered":[256],"suggest":[257],"usage-based,":[260],"incremental,":[261],"sequential":[262],"system":[263],"more":[267],"appropriate":[268],"than":[269],"formal,":[271],"hierarchical":[273],"view":[274],"grammar.":[276],"well":[283],"hand":[289,297],"other":[296],"should":[298],"be":[299],"addressed":[300],"enable":[302],"further":[303],"progress":[304],"research.":[309]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}