{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2923959898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324919000196","title":"Learning semantic sentence representations from visually grounded language without lexical knowledge","display_name":"Learning semantic sentence representations from visually grounded language without lexical knowledge","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2923959898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324919000196","mag":"2923959898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324919000196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324919000196","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FA9DD2C9FFC973AC4B4FC2F520E661B8/S1351324919000196a.pdf/div-class-title-learning-semantic-sentence-representations-from-visually-grounded-language-without-lexical-knowledge-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FA9DD2C9FFC973AC4B4FC2F520E661B8/S1351324919000196a.pdf/div-class-title-learning-semantic-sentence-representations-from-visually-grounded-language-without-lexical-knowledge-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104830677","display_name":"Danny Merkx","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Danny Merkx","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5829-5214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076704114","display_name":"Stefan L. Frank","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7026-711X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefan L. Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7026-711X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076704114","https://openalex.org/A5104830677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2894,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83911113,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"451","last_page":"466"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8722652196884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7722748517990112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7028705477714539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.670188307762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.5781962871551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4770473837852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.46962714195251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.442155659198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.41437965631484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10256659984588623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8722652196884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7722748517990112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7028705477714539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.670188307762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.5781962871551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4770473837852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.46962714195251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.442155659198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.41437965631484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10256659984588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324919000196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324919000196","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FA9DD2C9FFC973AC4B4FC2F520E661B8/S1351324919000196a.pdf/div-class-title-learning-semantic-sentence-representations-from-visually-grounded-language-without-lexical-knowledge-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1903.11393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.11393","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.11393","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/205977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/205977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering, 25, 4, pp. 451-466","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324919000196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324919000196","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FA9DD2C9FFC973AC4B4FC2F520E661B8/S1351324919000196a.pdf/div-class-title-learning-semantic-sentence-representations-from-visually-grounded-language-without-lexical-knowledge-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2084304408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"024.001.006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6728881174","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Gravitation Grant 024.001.006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2923959898.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2923959898.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68733909","https://openalex.org/W1486649854","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1566289585","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1689711448","https://openalex.org/W1840435438","https://openalex.org/W1889081078","https://openalex.org/W1905882502","https://openalex.org/W1916445035","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1957706851","https://openalex.org/W2039762981","https://openalex.org/W2058354688","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2075446875","https://openalex.org/W2080100102","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2126400076","https://openalex.org/W2131744502","https://openalex.org/W2133458109","https://openalex.org/W2137010615","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2152180407","https://openalex.org/W2164757945","https://openalex.org/W2166473218","https://openalex.org/W2167090521","https://openalex.org/W2186094539","https://openalex.org/W2188648436","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251861449","https://openalex.org/W2254842198","https://openalex.org/W2271328876","https://openalex.org/W2462305634","https://openalex.org/W2549240360","https://openalex.org/W2556930864","https://openalex.org/W2568389463","https://openalex.org/W2586148577","https://openalex.org/W2612983688","https://openalex.org/W2739181657","https://openalex.org/W2739351760","https://openalex.org/W2741642835","https://openalex.org/W2753311918","https://openalex.org/W2790235966","https://openalex.org/W2791321184","https://openalex.org/W2798583685","https://openalex.org/W2890225654","https://openalex.org/W2949433733","https://openalex.org/W2949547296","https://openalex.org/W2950012948","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2950726992","https://openalex.org/W2951696358","https://openalex.org/W2953084091","https://openalex.org/W2962732076","https://openalex.org/W2962862718","https://openalex.org/W2963149412","https://openalex.org/W2963264012","https://openalex.org/W2963804993","https://openalex.org/W2963849887","https://openalex.org/W2963899908","https://openalex.org/W2963918774","https://openalex.org/W2964054038","https://openalex.org/W2964085268","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964165804","https://openalex.org/W2964250450","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W3102887392","https://openalex.org/W3104033643","https://openalex.org/W4299801216","https://openalex.org/W4313908941","https://openalex.org/W6629028937","https://openalex.org/W6637409405","https://openalex.org/W6660403392","https://openalex.org/W6681698864","https://openalex.org/W6691448727","https://openalex.org/W6741383107","https://openalex.org/W6748706669"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375873920","https://openalex.org/W2146114872","https://openalex.org/W2392060890","https://openalex.org/W2392760275","https://openalex.org/W2083530853","https://openalex.org/W2982905616","https://openalex.org/W2009831055","https://openalex.org/W2393172683","https://openalex.org/W3211744874","https://openalex.org/W1994626569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Current":[1],"approaches":[2],"to":[3,18,24,51,62,67,94,177,199],"learning":[4],"semantic":[5,119,147],"representations":[6],"of":[7,45,98,121,157,193,209],"sentences":[8],"often":[9],"use":[10,36],"prior":[11,191],"word-level":[12],"knowledge.":[13],"The":[14,150],"current":[15,96],"study":[16],"aims":[17],"leverage":[19],"visual":[20,210],"information":[21,211],"in":[22,111,197,212],"order":[23,198],"capture":[25,178],"sentence":[26,39,55,124,179,201],"level":[27,180,195,202],"semantics":[28,196],"without":[29,170],"the":[30,64,77,95,99,118,122,127,130,140,207],"need":[31,190],"for":[32,74],"word":[33,173],"embeddings.":[34,56],"We":[35,86,116],"a":[37,43,68,163],"multimodal":[38,141,168],"encoder":[40],"trained":[41,61,165],"on":[42,101,155,167],"corpus":[44],"images":[46],"with":[47,145],"matching":[48],"text":[49],"captions":[50],"produce":[52],"visually":[53],"grounded":[54],"Deep":[57],"Neural":[58],"Networks":[59],"are":[60],"map":[63],"two":[65,102],"modalities":[66],"common":[69],"embedding":[70],"space":[71],"such":[72],"that":[73,88,139,162,186],"an":[75],"image":[76],"corresponding":[78],"caption":[79],"can":[80],"be":[81],"retrieved":[82],"and":[83,114,137],"vice":[84],"versa.":[85],"show":[87,138],"our":[89],"model":[90,200],"achieves":[91,152],"results":[92,154],"comparable":[93],"state":[97],"art":[100],"popular":[103],"image-caption":[104],"retrieval":[105],"benchmark":[106,135],"datasets:":[107],"Microsoft":[108],"Common":[109],"Objects":[110],"Context":[112],"(MSCOCO)":[113],"Flickr8k.":[115],"evaluate":[117],"content":[120],"resulting":[123],"embeddings":[125,142],"using":[126],"data":[128],"from":[129],"Semantic":[131],"Textual":[132],"Similarity":[133],"(STS)":[134],"task":[136],"correlate":[143],"well":[144],"human":[146],"similarity":[148],"judgements.":[149],"system":[151,164],"state-of-the-art":[153],"several":[156],"these":[158],"benchmarks,":[159],"which":[160],"shows":[161,185],"solely":[166],"data,":[169],"assuming":[171],"any":[172],"representations,":[174],"is":[175],"able":[176],"semantics.":[181,203,213],"Importantly,":[182],"this":[183],"result":[184],"we":[187],"do":[188],"not":[189],"knowledge":[192],"lexical":[194],"These":[204],"findings":[205],"demonstrate":[206],"importance":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}