{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2894723841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324918000384","title":"Identifying signs of syntactic complexity for rule-based sentence simplification","display_name":"Identifying signs of syntactic complexity for rule-based sentence simplification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2894723841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324918000384","mag":"2894723841"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324918000384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324918000384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2436/621752","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007426493","display_name":"Richard Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-8605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119664326","display_name":"University of Wolverhampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01k2y1055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"RICHARD EVANS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute in Information and Language Processing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-8605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute in Information and Language Processing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079066886","display_name":"Constantin Or\u01cesan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2067-8890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119664326","display_name":"University of Wolverhampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01k2y1055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CONSTANTIN OR\u0102SAN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute in Information and Language Processing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute in Information and Language Processing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5206,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87276112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"69","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8760313987731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.8094725608825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rewriting","display_name":"Rewriting","score":0.7175014019012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7041581273078918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5706285834312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.5692648887634277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.5304583311080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.49421289563179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.4758179783821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substitution","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","score":0.4561244249343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4284321367740631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1105262041091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0841020941734314}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8760313987731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.8094725608825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154690210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1668499","display_name":"Rewriting","level":2,"score":0.7175014019012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7041581273078918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5706285834312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.5692648887634277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5304583311080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.49421289563179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4758179783821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1522579","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.4561244249343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4284321367740631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1105262041091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0841020941734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324918000384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324918000384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wlv.openrepository.com:2436/621752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2436/621752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401000","display_name":"Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119664326","host_organization_name":"University of Wolverhampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"25","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:wlv.openrepository.com:2436/621752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2436/621752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401000","display_name":"Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119664326","host_organization_name":"University of Wolverhampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"25","raw_type":"Journal article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38394648","https://openalex.org/W139168100","https://openalex.org/W310352716","https://openalex.org/W608050949","https://openalex.org/W631326641","https://openalex.org/W782809340","https://openalex.org/W1409257261","https://openalex.org/W1419238556","https://openalex.org/W1507711477","https://openalex.org/W1508977358","https://openalex.org/W1524281572","https://openalex.org/W1536274117","https://openalex.org/W1554540371","https://openalex.org/W1568447596","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1605351056","https://openalex.org/W1629275429","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W1746111881","https://openalex.org/W1751157425","https://openalex.org/W1849233979","https://openalex.org/W1872907992","https://openalex.org/W1980860611","https://openalex.org/W1984118948","https://openalex.org/W2033194278","https://openalex.org/W2041309295","https://openalex.org/W2042262613","https://openalex.org/W2045320784","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2062837929","https://openalex.org/W2070536585","https://openalex.org/W2096153554","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2106287264","https://openalex.org/W2108373063","https://openalex.org/W2109802560","https://openalex.org/W2109881807","https://openalex.org/W2113892562","https://openalex.org/W2114074514","https://openalex.org/W2119954850","https://openalex.org/W2121622663","https://openalex.org/W2128774237","https://openalex.org/W2129608356","https://openalex.org/W2129999749","https://openalex.org/W2130055902","https://openalex.org/W2138238299","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2156422881","https://openalex.org/W2158079144","https://openalex.org/W2159014656","https://openalex.org/W2159947192","https://openalex.org/W2165646132","https://openalex.org/W2170844210","https://openalex.org/W2250531756","https://openalex.org/W2250762319","https://openalex.org/W2250929115","https://openalex.org/W2251061338","https://openalex.org/W2251362149","https://openalex.org/W2251758624","https://openalex.org/W2251868338","https://openalex.org/W2251872596","https://openalex.org/W2251994730","https://openalex.org/W2257403030","https://openalex.org/W2297579780","https://openalex.org/W2341311217","https://openalex.org/W2406289639","https://openalex.org/W2523717353","https://openalex.org/W2534253848","https://openalex.org/W2563163869","https://openalex.org/W2565470033","https://openalex.org/W2605243085","https://openalex.org/W2610930722","https://openalex.org/W2612649659","https://openalex.org/W2620138912","https://openalex.org/W2733628661","https://openalex.org/W2738242417","https://openalex.org/W2769653058","https://openalex.org/W2775617545","https://openalex.org/W2796493717","https://openalex.org/W2892737606","https://openalex.org/W2894122380","https://openalex.org/W2906458607","https://openalex.org/W2910001684","https://openalex.org/W2912678620","https://openalex.org/W2914236322","https://openalex.org/W2917796553","https://openalex.org/W2949108231","https://openalex.org/W2952666262","https://openalex.org/W4206192903","https://openalex.org/W4238791173","https://openalex.org/W4245799227","https://openalex.org/W4250561792","https://openalex.org/W4299527668","https://openalex.org/W4299895104","https://openalex.org/W6636649193"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964661231","https://openalex.org/W4254960163","https://openalex.org/W3110264473","https://openalex.org/W2032810564","https://openalex.org/W2370831213","https://openalex.org/W2972807713","https://openalex.org/W4315704968","https://openalex.org/W2100255360","https://openalex.org/W2064074028","https://openalex.org/W4309804347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,212],"article":[2,32],"presents":[3],"a":[4,37,56,73,79],"new":[5],"method":[6,59],"to":[7,16,93,187,193],"automatically":[8,83,121],"simplify":[9],"English":[10],"sentences.":[11,30,138],"The":[12,31,75,97],"approach":[13],"is":[14,78,100],"designed":[15],"reduce":[17],"the":[18,51,66,70,89,95,108,117,141,170,179,184,203,220,232],"number":[19],"of":[20,36,46,55,72,135,140,173,183,198,219,222,228,237],"compound":[21,126,151],"clauses":[22,27,127,132,152],"and":[23,49,128,190,225,235],"nominally":[24,129,160],"bound":[25,130,161],"relative":[26,131,162],"in":[28,69,86,111,147,207],"input":[29],"provides":[33],"an":[34,101,191],"overview":[35],"corpus":[38],"annotated":[39],"with":[40,88,113,209],"information":[41,64],"about":[42,231],"various":[43,196],"explicit":[44],"signs":[45,67,85],"syntactic":[47],"complexity":[48],"describes":[50],"two":[52,210],"major":[53,171],"components":[54,143],"sentence":[57,104,118],"simplification":[58],"that":[60,169],"works":[61],"by":[62,216,226],"exploiting":[63],"on":[65],"occurring":[68],"sentences":[71,124,149,158],"text.":[74],"first":[76],"component":[77,99],"sign":[80,109,177],"tagger":[81,110],"which":[82],"classifies":[84],"accordance":[87],"annotation":[90],"scheme":[91],"used":[92,186],"annotate":[94],"corpus.":[96],"second":[98],"iterative":[102],"rule-based":[103],"transformation":[105,119],"tool.":[106],"Exploiting":[107],"conjunction":[112],"other":[114],"NLP":[115],"components,":[116],"tool":[120],"rewrites":[122],"long":[123],"containing":[125,150,159],"as":[133],"sequences":[134],"shorter":[136],"single-clause":[137],"Evaluation":[139],"different":[142],"reveals":[144],"acceptable":[145],"performance":[146],"rewriting":[148,157],"but":[153],"less":[154],"accuracy":[155],"when":[156],"clauses.":[163],"A":[164],"detailed":[165],"error":[166,174],"analysis":[167],"revealed":[168],"sources":[172],"include":[175],"inaccurate":[176],"tagging,":[178],"relatively":[180],"limited":[181],"coverage":[182],"rules":[185],"rewrite":[188],"sentences,":[189],"inability":[192],"discriminate":[194],"between":[195],"subtypes":[197],"clause":[199],"coordination.":[200],"Despite":[201],"this,":[202],"system":[204,223],"performed":[205],"well":[206],"comparison":[208],"baselines.":[211],"finding":[213],"was":[214],"reinforced":[215],"automatic":[217],"estimations":[218],"readability":[221],"output":[224],"surveys":[227],"readers\u2019":[229],"opinions":[230],"accuracy,":[233],"accessibility,":[234],"meaning":[236],"this":[238],"output.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
