{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2084009247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000351","title":"Design and realization of a modular architecture for textual entailment","display_name":"Design and realization of a modular architecture for textual entailment","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2084009247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000351","mag":"2084009247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324913000351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003870894","display_name":"Sebastian Pad\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7529-6825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"SEBASTIAN PAD\u00d3","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Natural Language Processing, Stuttgart University, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany e-mail:","Institute for Natural Language Processing,Stuttgart University,70569 Stuttgart,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Natural Language Processing, Stuttgart University, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Natural Language Processing,Stuttgart University,70569 Stuttgart,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072311723","display_name":"Tae-Gil Noh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"TAE-GIL NOH","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computational Linguistics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail:","Institute of Computational Linguistics,Heidelberg University,69120 Heidelberg,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computational Linguistics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computational Linguistics,Heidelberg University,69120 Heidelberg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111977055","display_name":"Asher Stern","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ASHER STERN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel e-mail:","Department of Computer Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431150","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8067-6673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"RUI WANG","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 66123 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany e-mail:","German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 66123 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 66123 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 66123 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044199881","display_name":"Roberto Zanoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0870-0872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ROBERTO ZANOLI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Language Technology, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy e-mail:","Human Language Technology,Fondazione Bruno Kessler,38123 Trento,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology,Fondazione Bruno Kessler,38123 Trento,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003870894"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3768,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98053968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"167","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8957284688949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5869638323783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.56315016746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5397388339042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5311274528503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-consequence","display_name":"Logical consequence","score":0.5218688249588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.47836464643478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textual-entailment","display_name":"Textual entailment","score":0.4655134677886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4125532805919647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.31742793321609497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8957284688949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5869638323783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.56315016746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5397388339042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5311274528503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134752490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374182","display_name":"Logical consequence","level":2,"score":0.5218688249588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.47836464643478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95318506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6588467","display_name":"Textual entailment","level":3,"score":0.4655134677886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4125532805919647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.31742793321609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324913000351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.700.4516","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.700.4516","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/%7Erwang/pubs/JNLE2013.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29814777","https://openalex.org/W47524866","https://openalex.org/W77146693","https://openalex.org/W84509421","https://openalex.org/W92858395","https://openalex.org/W96102373","https://openalex.org/W114881255","https://openalex.org/W136640197","https://openalex.org/W137105571","https://openalex.org/W378550416","https://openalex.org/W1502193953","https://openalex.org/W1530870718","https://openalex.org/W1539236884","https://openalex.org/W1554540371","https://openalex.org/W1569521592","https://openalex.org/W1603598191","https://openalex.org/W1607983314","https://openalex.org/W1660460062","https://openalex.org/W1847780656","https://openalex.org/W1971714853","https://openalex.org/W1973950277","https://openalex.org/W1980555161","https://openalex.org/W1986069434","https://openalex.org/W1990991664","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W1997306212","https://openalex.org/W2003458432","https://openalex.org/W2016614946","https://openalex.org/W2038721957","https://openalex.org/W2040103855","https://openalex.org/W2045254372","https://openalex.org/W2045544072","https://openalex.org/W2050096760","https://openalex.org/W2054477000","https://openalex.org/W2065240770","https://openalex.org/W2068206659","https://openalex.org/W2079885542","https://openalex.org/W2094061585","https://openalex.org/W2096765155","https://openalex.org/W2096797897","https://openalex.org/W2103362845","https://openalex.org/W2112644606","https://openalex.org/W2113002560","https://openalex.org/W2113549781","https://openalex.org/W2114732164","https://openalex.org/W2115792525","https://openalex.org/W2124807415","https://openalex.org/W2125885330","https://openalex.org/W2126034021","https://openalex.org/W2129909699","https://openalex.org/W2130158090","https://openalex.org/W2130359236","https://openalex.org/W2139354869","https://openalex.org/W2139991138","https://openalex.org/W2140298320","https://openalex.org/W2142222368","https://openalex.org/W2145815109","https://openalex.org/W2151226578","https://openalex.org/W2154474435","https://openalex.org/W2155173817","https://openalex.org/W2158710545","https://openalex.org/W2159655235","https://openalex.org/W2161795601","https://openalex.org/W2188546338","https://openalex.org/W2251619507","https://openalex.org/W2251861449","https://openalex.org/W2251896332","https://openalex.org/W2251898422","https://openalex.org/W2406782120","https://openalex.org/W2461814413","https://openalex.org/W2542843105","https://openalex.org/W2911317937","https://openalex.org/W2912581819","https://openalex.org/W2913074406","https://openalex.org/W2913539360","https://openalex.org/W3036323918","https://openalex.org/W3088209710","https://openalex.org/W3105439152","https://openalex.org/W3106889297","https://openalex.org/W4211148418","https://openalex.org/W4235028458","https://openalex.org/W4235505822","https://openalex.org/W6674536964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169644218","https://openalex.org/W12963412","https://openalex.org/W2250460949","https://openalex.org/W3158371345","https://openalex.org/W3141423438","https://openalex.org/W2071098659","https://openalex.org/W2627035043","https://openalex.org/W4385571113","https://openalex.org/W2937401546","https://openalex.org/W3030695269"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"key":[2],"challenge":[3],"at":[4],"the":[5,15,33,42,96,147,158,165,191,233,236,246,255,271,295,299,322],"core":[6],"of":[7,35,44,47,71,85,104,128,160,190,235,241,251,263,290],"many":[8],"Natural":[9],"Language":[10],"Processing":[11],"(NLP)":[12],"tasks":[13],"is":[14,63,100,108,146,260,315],"ability":[16],"to":[17,118,130,139,143,154,225],"determine":[18],"which":[19,138,151,269],"conclusions":[20],"can":[21],"be":[22],"inferred":[23],"from":[24],"a":[25,45,125,181,188,217,261,288,302],"given":[26],"natural":[27],"language":[28,229],"text.":[29],"This":[30,87,111],"problem,":[31],"called":[32],"Recognition":[34],"Textual":[36,55],"Entailment":[37,56],"(RTE)":[38],",":[39],"has":[40,89],"initiated":[41],"development":[43],"range":[46],"algorithms,":[48],"methods,":[49],"and":[50,78,102,106,156,162,186,198,209,227,267,284,286,304,309,314],"technologies.":[51],"Unfortunately,":[52],"research":[53,60,308],"on":[54,68,137,219],"(TE),":[57],"like":[58],"semantics":[59,72],"more":[61,82],"generally,":[62],"fragmented":[64],"into":[65,172,195],"studies":[66],"focussing":[67],"various":[69],"aspects":[70],"such":[73],"as":[74,317],"world":[75],"knowledge,":[76],"lexical":[77],"syntactic":[79],"relations,":[80],"or":[81],"specialized":[83],"kinds":[84],"inference.":[86],"fragmentation":[88],"problematic":[90],"practical":[91,249],"consequences.":[92],"Notably,":[93],"interoperability":[94],"among":[95],"existing":[97,243],"RTE":[98,171,193,226],"systems":[99,244,273],"poor,":[101],"reuse":[103],"resources":[105,163],"algorithms":[107,197,266],"mostly":[109],"infeasible.":[110],"also":[112],"makes":[113],"systematic":[114],"evaluations":[115],"very":[116],"difficult":[117],"carry":[119],"out.":[120],"Finally,":[121],"textual":[122,166,264,312],"entailment":[123,167,265,313],"presents":[124],"wide":[126],"array":[127],"approaches":[129,224],"potential":[131],"end":[132],"users":[133],"with":[134,174,216],"little":[135],"guidance":[136],"pick.":[140],"Our":[141],"contribution":[142],"this":[144,252],"situation":[145],"novel":[148],"EXCITEMENT":[149,256],"architecture,":[150],"was":[152,214],"developed":[153,215],"enable":[155],"encourage":[157],"consolidation":[159],"methods":[161,194],"in":[164,311],"area.":[168],"It":[169,259],"decomposes":[170],"components":[173,268],"strongly":[175],"typed":[176],"interfaces.":[177],"We":[178,200,231],"specify":[179],"(a)":[180],"modular":[182],"linguistic":[183,291],"analysis":[184],"pipeline":[185],"(b)":[187],"decomposition":[189],"\u2018core\u2019":[192],"top-level":[196],"subcomponents.":[199],"identify":[201],"four":[202],"major":[203,223,242],"subcomponent":[204],"types,":[205],"including":[206,276],"knowledge":[207],"bases":[208],"alignment":[210],"methods.":[211],"The":[212,248],"architecture":[213,237,253],"focus":[218],"generality,":[220],"supporting":[221],"all":[222],"encouraging":[228],"independence.":[230],"illustrate":[232],"feasibility":[234],"by":[238],"constructing":[239],"mappings":[240],"onto":[245],"architecture.":[247],"implementation":[250],"forms":[254],"open":[257,318],"platform.":[258],"suite":[262],"contains":[270],"three":[272,280],"named":[274],"above,":[275,298],"linguistic-analysis":[277],"pipelines":[278],"for":[279,307],"languages":[281],"(English,":[282],"German,":[283],"Italian),":[285],"comprises":[287],"number":[289],"resources.":[292],"By":[293],"addressing":[294],"problems":[296],"outlined":[297],"platform":[300],"provides":[301],"comprehensive":[303],"flexible":[305],"basis":[306],"experimentation":[310],"available":[316],"source":[319],"software":[320],"under":[321],"GNU":[323],"General":[324],"Public":[325],"License.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
