{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000332471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000344","title":"Using the crowd for readability prediction","display_name":"Using the crowd for readability prediction","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000332471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000344","mag":"2000332471"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324912000344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000344","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/285BBFFC56E4FA8300F7371D760E1F79/S1351324912000344a.pdf/div-class-title-using-the-crowd-for-readability-prediction-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/285BBFFC56E4FA8300F7371D760E1F79/S1351324912000344a.pdf/div-class-title-using-the-crowd-for-readability-prediction-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081335221","display_name":"Orph\u00e9e De Clercq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6090-5552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12607205","display_name":"University College Ghent","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs45z86","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"ORPH\u00c9E DE CLERCQ","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","Faculty of Applied Language Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Language Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019867041","display_name":"V\u00e9ronique Hoste","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0539-4630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12607205","display_name":"University College Ghent","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs45z86","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V\u00c9RONIQUE HOSTE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Linguistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","Faculty of Applied Language Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Language Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075631545","display_name":"Bart Desmet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0551-054X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12607205","display_name":"University College Ghent","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs45z86","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"BART DESMET","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","Faculty of Applied Language Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Language Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016968290","display_name":"Philip van Oosten","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12607205","display_name":"University College Ghent","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs45z86","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PHILIP VAN OOSTEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","Faculty of Applied Language Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Language Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056749857","display_name":"Martine De Cock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7917-0771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MARTINE DE COCK","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049195161","display_name":"Lieve Macken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7516-7487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12607205","display_name":"University College Ghent","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs45z86","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"LIEVE MACKEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","Faculty of Applied Language Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Language Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081335221"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12607205","https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1898,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96178499,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"293","last_page":"325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.9532414674758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.952502965927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.853837788105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6141910552978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5905792713165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5678659081459045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5676580667495728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.48441627621650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4237057864665985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.42366084456443787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3320220708847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.25923699140548706}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.9532414674758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.952502965927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.853837788105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6141910552978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5905792713165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5678659081459045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5676580667495728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.48441627621650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4237057864665985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.42366084456443787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3320220708847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.25923699140548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324912000344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000344","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/285BBFFC56E4FA8300F7371D760E1F79/S1351324912000344a.pdf/div-class-title-using-the-crowd-for-readability-prediction-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.644.1506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.644.1506","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cwi.ugent.be/martine/papers/volledig/odeclercq2012a.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:3072683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-3072683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1469-8110","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324912000344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000344","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/285BBFFC56E4FA8300F7371D760E1F79/S1351324912000344a.pdf/div-class-title-using-the-crowd-for-readability-prediction-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335809","display_name":"Departement Economie, Wetenschap en Innovatie","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2000332471.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2000332471.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31070363","https://openalex.org/W54519875","https://openalex.org/W136568931","https://openalex.org/W175030052","https://openalex.org/W175146157","https://openalex.org/W178672779","https://openalex.org/W1498930100","https://openalex.org/W1507711477","https://openalex.org/W1524281572","https://openalex.org/W1529563607","https://openalex.org/W1593045043","https://openalex.org/W1602368597","https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W1785048736","https://openalex.org/W1833785989","https://openalex.org/W1965949675","https://openalex.org/W1967390364","https://openalex.org/W1970381522","https://openalex.org/W1982643343","https://openalex.org/W1988230003","https://openalex.org/W1996650435","https://openalex.org/W2019416425","https://openalex.org/W2046101831","https://openalex.org/W2055438657","https://openalex.org/W2062585132","https://openalex.org/W2065240770","https://openalex.org/W2066651136","https://openalex.org/W2080515068","https://openalex.org/W2094394862","https://openalex.org/W2106695994","https://openalex.org/W2107529665","https://openalex.org/W2109115148","https://openalex.org/W2110286374","https://openalex.org/W2115968643","https://openalex.org/W2133944470","https://openalex.org/W2145111356","https://openalex.org/W2153081451","https://openalex.org/W2153330999","https://openalex.org/W2159637323","https://openalex.org/W2164866017","https://openalex.org/W2171575620","https://openalex.org/W2270210878","https://openalex.org/W2289836221","https://openalex.org/W2313569764","https://openalex.org/W2323266328","https://openalex.org/W2597684388","https://openalex.org/W2602331152","https://openalex.org/W2603519596","https://openalex.org/W2607403128","https://openalex.org/W2612649659","https://openalex.org/W2792932412","https://openalex.org/W2910001684","https://openalex.org/W2968573267","https://openalex.org/W3084060007","https://openalex.org/W4252080790","https://openalex.org/W6635456232","https://openalex.org/W6696926454","https://openalex.org/W6783041701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964661231","https://openalex.org/W4254960163","https://openalex.org/W3110264473","https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W2032810564","https://openalex.org/W2370831213","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W2972807713","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W1503094549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"While":[1],"human":[2],"annotation":[3],"is":[4,13,175,183,189,312],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,40,85,132,266],"many":[7],"natural":[8],"language":[9,301],"processing":[10],"tasks,":[11,269],"it":[12],"often":[14],"very":[15],"expensive":[16],"and":[17,81,114,157,172,194,224,298,323],"time-consuming.":[18],"Inspired":[19],"by":[20,309],"previous":[21],"work":[22],"on":[23,112,256,285],"crowdsourcing,":[24],"we":[25,54,148,227],"investigate":[26],"the":[27,61,163,231,258,262,267,276,295],"viability":[28],"of":[29,34,63,67,109,135,203,210,279],"using":[30,215],"non-expert":[31],"labels":[32],"instead":[33],"gold":[35],"standard":[36],"annotations":[37],"from":[38],"experts":[39],"a":[41,64,82,100,107,115,133,176,184,199,208,216,299,313],"machine":[42,212],"learning":[43,213,268],"approach":[44],"to":[45,51,59,122,151,179,192,198,237,242,248,260,274,320],"automatic":[46],"readability":[47,62,79,130,246,296,307],"prediction.":[48],"In":[49],"order":[50],"do":[52,253],"so,":[53],"evaluate":[55],"two":[56,95],"different":[57,286],"methodologies":[58,168],"assess":[60],"wide":[65],"variety":[66],"text":[68,239],"material:":[69],"A":[70],"more":[71,190],"traditional":[72],"setup":[73,84],"in":[74],"which":[75,119,316],"expert":[76,103,180],"readers":[77,104],"make":[78],"judgments":[80],"crowdsourcing":[83,117,174,188],"users":[86,121],"who":[87],"are":[88,169],"not":[89,254],"necessarily":[90],"experts.":[91],"To":[92,126],"this":[93,128],"purpose":[94],"assessment":[96,308],"tools":[97],"were":[98,140],"implemented:":[99],"tool":[101],"where":[102],"can":[105,195,234,317],"rank":[106],"batch":[108],"texts":[110,139,311],"based":[111],"readability,":[113],"lightweight":[116,191],"tool,":[118],"invites":[120],"provide":[123],"pairwise":[124],"comparisons.":[125],"validate":[127],"approach,":[129],"assessments":[131,145,164],"corpus":[134],"written":[136],"Dutch":[137],"generic":[138],"gathered.":[141],"By":[142,206],"collecting":[143],"multiple":[144],"per":[146],"text,":[147],"explicitly":[149],"wanted":[150],"level":[152],"out":[153,273],"readers'":[154],"background":[155],"knowledge":[156],"attitude.":[158],"Our":[159],"findings":[160],"show":[161,290],"that":[162,173,219,291,306],"collected":[165,232],"through":[166],"both":[167],"highly":[170],"consistent":[171],"viable":[177],"alternative":[178],"labeling.":[181],"This":[182],"good":[185],"news":[186],"as":[187],"use":[193],"have":[196],"access":[197],"much":[200],"wider":[201],"audience":[202],"potential":[204],"annotators.":[205],"performing":[207],"set":[209,218],"basic":[211,222],"experiments":[214],"feature":[217],"mainly":[220],"encodes":[221],"lexical":[223],"morpho-syntactic":[225],"information,":[226],"further":[228],"illustrate":[229,275],"how":[230],"data":[233,281,287],"be":[235,318],"used":[236],"perform":[238],"comparisons":[240],"or":[241],"assign":[243],"an":[244,249],"absolute":[245],"score":[247],"individual":[250],"text.":[251],"We":[252,304],"focus":[255],"optimising":[257],"algorithms":[259],"achieve":[261],"best":[263],"possible":[264],"results":[265,284],"but":[270],"carry":[271],"them":[272],"various":[277],"possibilities":[278],"our":[280,292],"sets.":[282],"The":[283],"sets,":[288],"however,":[289],"system":[293],"outperforms":[294],"formulas":[297],"baseline":[300],"modelling":[302],"approach.":[303],"conclude":[305],"comparing":[310],"polyvalent":[314],"methodology,":[315],"adapted":[319],"specific":[321],"domains":[322],"target":[324],"audiences":[325],"if":[326],"required.":[327]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}