{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2029070039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s135132490600444x","title":"A general feature space for automatic verb classification","display_name":"A general feature space for automatic verb classification","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2029070039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s135132490600444x","mag":"2029070039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s135132490600444x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s135132490600444x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038848915","display_name":"Eric Joanis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6014-6245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801862477","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801862477","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"ERIC JOANIS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 6 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H5 e-mail:","Department of computer science, university of toronto, 6 king's college road, toronto, ontario, canada, m5s 3h5 e-mail: joanis@cs.toronto.edu, suzanne@cs.toronto.edu, james@cs.toronto.edu#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 6 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H5 e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801862477","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer science, university of toronto, 6 king's college road, toronto, ontario, canada, m5s 3h5 e-mail: joanis@cs.toronto.edu, suzanne@cs.toronto.edu, james@cs.toronto.edu#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111994814","display_name":"Suzanne Stevenson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6884-9958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801862477","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801862477","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SUZANNE STEVENSON","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 6 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H5 e-mail:","Department of computer science, university of toronto, 6 king's college road, toronto, ontario, canada, m5s 3h5 e-mail: joanis@cs.toronto.edu, suzanne@cs.toronto.edu, james@cs.toronto.edu#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 6 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H5 e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801862477","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer science, university of toronto, 6 king's college road, toronto, ontario, canada, m5s 3h5 e-mail: joanis@cs.toronto.edu, suzanne@cs.toronto.edu, james@cs.toronto.edu#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065231928","display_name":"David A. James","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6182-0940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801862477","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801862477","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DAVID JAMES","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 6 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H5 e-mail:","Department of computer science, university of toronto, 6 king's college road, toronto, ontario, canada, m5s 3h5 e-mail: joanis@cs.toronto.edu, suzanne@cs.toronto.edu, james@cs.toronto.edu#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 6 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H5 e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801862477","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer science, university of toronto, 6 king's college road, toronto, ontario, canada, m5s 3h5 e-mail: joanis@cs.toronto.edu, suzanne@cs.toronto.edu, james@cs.toronto.edu#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038848915"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I2801862477"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1346,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97306373,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"337","last_page":"367"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8652227520942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.674086332321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6371747255325317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5723199248313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5564167499542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5479051470756531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5334973931312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verb","display_name":"Verb","score":0.5257067084312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4856909215450287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.438178688287735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.42801812291145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32769015431404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08357906341552734}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8652227520942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.674086332321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6371747255325317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5723199248313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5564167499542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5479051470756531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5334973931312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776397901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24905","display_name":"Verb","level":2,"score":0.5257067084312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4856909215450287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.438178688287735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.42801812291145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32769015431404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08357906341552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s135132490600444x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s135132490600444x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.80.9477","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.80.9477","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~joanis/Papers/eacl03-camera.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:23000813","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=5b25f803-8b1b-4da2-ad35-6e27cfc90ac2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055245","display_name":"NPARC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39478293","https://openalex.org/W146925317","https://openalex.org/W185953987","https://openalex.org/W185961822","https://openalex.org/W1483200046","https://openalex.org/W1524834623","https://openalex.org/W1538382016","https://openalex.org/W1572567744","https://openalex.org/W1607576325","https://openalex.org/W1608050331","https://openalex.org/W1733729995","https://openalex.org/W1735182246","https://openalex.org/W1974157030","https://openalex.org/W1979123099","https://openalex.org/W1987716867","https://openalex.org/W1989081257","https://openalex.org/W2002373856","https://openalex.org/W2018804095","https://openalex.org/W2039217078","https://openalex.org/W2040300040","https://openalex.org/W2040985480","https://openalex.org/W2054144290","https://openalex.org/W2057245760","https://openalex.org/W2067551521","https://openalex.org/W2078546664","https://openalex.org/W2086513970","https://openalex.org/W2088198454","https://openalex.org/W2090189788","https://openalex.org/W2096945176","https://openalex.org/W2097125878","https://openalex.org/W2109943925","https://openalex.org/W2113522550","https://openalex.org/W2115792525","https://openalex.org/W2115881963","https://openalex.org/W2117475509","https://openalex.org/W2119610041","https://openalex.org/W2121147707","https://openalex.org/W2127163275","https://openalex.org/W2130747650","https://openalex.org/W2133864802","https://openalex.org/W2140148956","https://openalex.org/W2151170651","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2158847908","https://openalex.org/W2160936694","https://openalex.org/W2166391512","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2249202083","https://openalex.org/W2607879133","https://openalex.org/W2728435982","https://openalex.org/W3015789953","https://openalex.org/W4232724009","https://openalex.org/W4238100291","https://openalex.org/W6674395386","https://openalex.org/W6680007464","https://openalex.org/W6929430777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140536630","https://openalex.org/W3195005284","https://openalex.org/W2391730868","https://openalex.org/W2759814045","https://openalex.org/W2118055728","https://openalex.org/W2736760277","https://openalex.org/W4386940087","https://openalex.org/W4386931226","https://openalex.org/W2156571267","https://openalex.org/W2747166117"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Lexical":[1],"semantic":[2,77,109],"classes":[3],"of":[4,39,71,108,111,158,172,209],"verbs":[5,27,52,72],"play":[6],"an":[7],"important":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,15,83,142,217],"structuring":[11],"complex":[12],"predicate":[13],"information":[14],"a":[16,63,74,106,121,140,151,206],"lexicon,":[17],"thereby":[18],"avoiding":[19],"redundancy":[20],"and":[21,45,61,114,124,190],"enabling":[22],"generalizations":[23],"across":[24,155],"semantically":[25],"similar":[26],"with":[28,134],"respect":[29],"to":[30,42,53,66,94,148,167,211],"their":[31],"usage.":[32],"Such":[33],"classes,":[34],"however,":[35],"require":[36],"many":[37],"person-years":[38],"expert":[40],"effort":[41],"create":[43],"manually,":[44],"methods":[46],"are":[47],"needed":[48],"for":[49,177,194,198,228],"automatically":[50],"assigning":[51],"appropriate":[54],"classes.":[55],"In":[56,161],"this":[57],"work,":[58],"we":[59,163],"develop":[60],"evaluate":[62],"feature":[64,88,137,173,219],"space":[65,89],"support":[67,130],"the":[68,99,112,135,178,185,192,213,218],"automatic":[69],"assignment":[70],"into":[73,105],"well-known":[75],"lexical":[76],"classification":[78,156,201,231],"that":[79,171,184,222],"is":[80,90,187],"frequently":[81],"used":[82],"natural":[84],"language":[85],"processing.":[86],"The":[87],"general":[91],"\u2013":[92,103,116],"applicable":[93],"any":[95],"class":[96],"distinctions":[97],"within":[98],"target":[100],"classification;":[101],"broad":[102],"tapping":[104],"variety":[107],"features":[110,216,226],"classes;":[113],"inexpensive":[115],"requiring":[117],"no":[118],"more":[119],"than":[120,170],"POS":[122],"tagger":[123],"chunker.":[125],"We":[126,203],"perform":[127,205],"experiments":[128,210],"using":[129],"vector":[131],"machines":[132],"(SVMs)":[133],"proposed":[136],"space,":[138,220],"demonstrating":[139],"reduction":[141],"error":[143],"rate":[144],"ranging":[145],"from":[146],"48%":[147],"88%":[149],"over":[150],"chance":[152],"baseline":[153],"accuracy,":[154],"tasks":[157],"varying":[159],"difficulty.":[160],"particular,":[162],"attain":[164],"performance":[165],"comparable":[166],"or":[168],"better":[169],"sets":[174],"manually":[175],"selected":[176],"particular":[179],"tasks.":[180],"Our":[181],"results":[182],"show":[183],"approach":[186],"generally":[188],"applicable,":[189],"reduces":[191],"need":[193],"resource-intensive":[195],"linguistic":[196],"analysis":[197],"each":[199],"new":[200],"task.":[202],"also":[204],"wide":[207],"range":[208],"determine":[212],"most":[214],"informative":[215],"finding":[221],"simple,":[223],"easily":[224],"extractable":[225],"suffice":[227],"good":[229],"verb":[230],"performance.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-02T08:37:19.008085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}