{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097123411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324903003176","title":"Open-domain textual question answering techniques","display_name":"Open-domain textual question answering techniques","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097123411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324903003176","mag":"2097123411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324903003176","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324903003176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014682058","display_name":"Sanda M. Harabagiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-1501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SANDA M. HARABAGIU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA (e-mail:","Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA (e-mail: sanda@cs.utdallas.edu)#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA (e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA (e-mail: sanda@cs.utdallas.edu)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013988516","display_name":"Steven J. Maiorano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"STEVEN J. MAIORANO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK","Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 4DP, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 4DP, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103731322","display_name":"Marius Pa\u015fca","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098728","display_name":"Language Computer (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013mgh495","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098728"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MARIUS A. PA\u015eCA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Computer Corporation, Dallas, TX 75206, USA (e-mail:","Language Computer Corporation, Dallas, TX 75206, USA (e-mail: marius@languagecomputer.com)#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Computer Corporation, Dallas, TX 75206, USA (e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Computer Corporation, Dallas, TX 75206, USA (e-mail: marius@languagecomputer.com)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098728"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8753,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":79,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87873301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"231","last_page":"267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.9274399280548096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.875644326210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snippet","display_name":"Snippet","score":0.7913534641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-domain","display_name":"Open domain","score":0.6983681917190552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.576738715171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5766218304634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5750061869621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5645425319671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.49004876613616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4571289122104645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.43084433674812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.41718894243240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40114039182662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.32897496223449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.15560615062713623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.9274399280548096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.875644326210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777822670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120538","display_name":"Snippet","level":2,"score":0.7913534641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993776861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Open domain","level":3,"score":0.6983681917190552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.576738715171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5766218304634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5750061869621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5645425319671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.49004876613616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4571289122104645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.43084433674812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.41718894243240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40114039182662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.32897496223449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.15560615062713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1351324903003176","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324903003176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18088403","display_name":"Natural Language Engineering","issn_l":"1351-3249","issn":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1022.2252","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1022.2252","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.hlt.utdallas.edu/%7Esanda/paper_nle03.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71514337","https://openalex.org/W87933952","https://openalex.org/W123366752","https://openalex.org/W1485852130","https://openalex.org/W1495683013","https://openalex.org/W1504975354","https://openalex.org/W1506013151","https://openalex.org/W1507223999","https://openalex.org/W1511749302","https://openalex.org/W1572945832","https://openalex.org/W1581489599","https://openalex.org/W1588490261","https://openalex.org/W1970409510","https://openalex.org/W1984061923","https://openalex.org/W2000545282","https://openalex.org/W2007352190","https://openalex.org/W2011442902","https://openalex.org/W2032367917","https://openalex.org/W2033047024","https://openalex.org/W2036973875","https://openalex.org/W2057824915","https://openalex.org/W2067915830","https://openalex.org/W2069912724","https://openalex.org/W2083581617","https://openalex.org/W2084463654","https://openalex.org/W2101697094","https://openalex.org/W2110882317","https://openalex.org/W2115748294","https://openalex.org/W2115792525","https://openalex.org/W2121300346","https://openalex.org/W2142565826","https://openalex.org/W2151170651","https://openalex.org/W2153439141","https://openalex.org/W2296730655","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116176021","https://openalex.org/W2951097643","https://openalex.org/W2391533720","https://openalex.org/W4309395021","https://openalex.org/W2139771701","https://openalex.org/W4307481286","https://openalex.org/W3215363805","https://openalex.org/W204133468","https://openalex.org/W2097123411","https://openalex.org/W2123359227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Textual":[0],"question":[1,27,41],"answering":[2,28,42],"is":[3,100,129,141],"a":[4,8,14,23,80,86,160,169,177],"technique":[5],"of":[6,82,93,110,163,172,184],"extracting":[7],"sentence":[9],"or":[10,16],"text":[11],"snippet":[12],"from":[13],"document":[15,17,69],"collection":[18],"that":[19,30,78,117,146],"responds":[20],"directly":[21],"to":[22,38,85,102],"query.":[24],"Open-domain":[25],"textual":[26],"presupposes":[29],"questions":[31,83,164],"are":[32,97],"natural":[33],"and":[34,71,95,149],"unrestricted":[35],"with":[36,124],"respect":[37],"topic.":[39],"The":[40],"(Q/A)":[43],"techniques,":[44],"as":[45,134],"embodied":[46],"in":[47,67,165],"today's":[48,156],"systems,":[49],"can":[50],"be":[51],"roughly":[52],"divided":[53],"into":[54],"two":[55,91],"types:":[56],"(1)":[57],"techniques":[58,73,94],"for":[59,74,105,180],"Information":[60],"Seeking":[61],"(IS),":[62],"which":[63,175],"localize":[64],"the":[65,137],"answer":[66,79],"vast":[68],"collections;":[70],"(2)":[72],"Reading":[75],"Comprehension":[76],"(RC)":[77],"series":[81,162],"related":[84],"given":[87],"document.":[88],"Although":[89],"these":[90],"types":[92],"systems":[96,145,158],"different,":[98],"it":[99],"desirable":[101],"combine":[103],"them":[104],"enabling":[106,152],"more":[107,181],"advanced":[108,132,182],"forms":[109,183],"Q/A.":[111,154,186],"This":[112,127],"paper":[113],"discusses":[114],"an":[115,120],"approach":[116],"successfully":[118],"enhanced":[119],"existing":[121],"IS":[122],"system":[123],"RC":[125,157],"capabilities.":[126],"enhancement":[128],"important":[130],"because":[131],"Q/A,":[133],"exemplified":[135],"by":[136],"ARDA":[138],"AQUAINT":[139],"program,":[140],"moving":[142],"towards":[143],"Q/A":[144,174],"incorporate":[147],"semantic":[148],"pragmatic":[150],"knowledge":[151],"dialogue-based":[153,185],"Because":[155],"involve":[159],"short":[161],"context,":[166],"they":[167],"represent":[168],"rudimentary":[170],"form":[171],"interactive":[173],"constitutes":[176],"possible":[178],"foundation":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
