{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037660916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960129513000637","title":"Quantifying opacity","display_name":"Quantifying opacity","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037660916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960129513000637","mag":"3037660916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0960129513000637","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960129513000637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101766102","display_name":"Mathematical Structures in Computer Science","issn_l":"0960-1295","issn":["0960-1295","1469-8072"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Structures in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.6799","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008504744","display_name":"B\u00e9atrice B\u00e9rard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-1956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B\u00c9ATRICE B\u00c9RARD","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 P. & M. Curie, LIP6, CNRS UMR 7606, Paris, France Email:"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 P. & M. Curie, LIP6, CNRS UMR 7606, Paris, France Email:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057477559","display_name":"John Mullins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7963-4433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JOHN MULLINS","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Dept. of Comp. & Soft. Eng., Montreal (Quebec), Canada Email:"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Dept. of Comp. & Soft. Eng., Montreal (Quebec), Canada Email:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018691604","display_name":"Mathieu Sassolas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"MATHIEU SASSOLAS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 P. & M. Curie, LIP6, CNRS UMR 7606, Paris, France Email:","Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, LACL, Cr\u00e9teil, France Email:"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 P. & M. Curie, LIP6, CNRS UMR 7606, Paris, France Email:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, LACL, Cr\u00e9teil, France Email:","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018691604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.365,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96670419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"361","last_page":"403"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opacity","display_name":"Opacity","score":0.841086208820343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predicate","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","score":0.7585439682006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7075896263122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.5732223391532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observable","display_name":"Observable","score":0.5363205075263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5101118683815002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4425103962421417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4410816431045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4385773837566376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4271255433559418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3329364061355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2427462339401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13042226433753967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60056205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691914","display_name":"Opacity","level":2,"score":0.841086208820343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140146324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144319","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.7585439682006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7075896263122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.5732223391532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.5363205075263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5101118683815002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4425103962421417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4410816431045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4385773837566376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4271255433559418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3329364061355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2427462339401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13042226433753967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0960129513000637","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960129513000637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101766102","display_name":"Mathematical Structures in Computer Science","issn_l":"0960-1295","issn":["0960-1295","1469-8072"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Structures in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1301.6799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.6799","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.6799","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01161867v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-01161867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 2015, 25 (Special issue 2), pp.361-403. &#x27E8;10.1017/S0960129513000637&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:11299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/11299/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article de revue"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1301.6799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.6799","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.6799","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68228141","https://openalex.org/W1492585812","https://openalex.org/W1529656707","https://openalex.org/W1531406439","https://openalex.org/W1538510509","https://openalex.org/W1585711433","https://openalex.org/W1601373402","https://openalex.org/W1604037631","https://openalex.org/W1738504611","https://openalex.org/W1804332683","https://openalex.org/W1831680499","https://openalex.org/W1850900101","https://openalex.org/W1978884755","https://openalex.org/W1982065519","https://openalex.org/W1996582785","https://openalex.org/W2005998857","https://openalex.org/W2031373068","https://openalex.org/W2039319436","https://openalex.org/W2052227055","https://openalex.org/W2056277260","https://openalex.org/W2064886960","https://openalex.org/W2075379212","https://openalex.org/W2087811006","https://openalex.org/W2097151854","https://openalex.org/W2106289417","https://openalex.org/W2109957487","https://openalex.org/W2113486822","https://openalex.org/W2117692558","https://openalex.org/W2143476162","https://openalex.org/W2153358971","https://openalex.org/W2158196184","https://openalex.org/W2293975652","https://openalex.org/W4242441073","https://openalex.org/W4255368532","https://openalex.org/W4297955515","https://openalex.org/W6632003133","https://openalex.org/W6635239394"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161791806","https://openalex.org/W2073474947","https://openalex.org/W4366824690","https://openalex.org/W2613656770","https://openalex.org/W2482431380","https://openalex.org/W2082077321","https://openalex.org/W2053059436","https://openalex.org/W4313201885","https://openalex.org/W2401696997","https://openalex.org/W4243546976"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Opacity":[0],"is":[1,59,96],"a":[2,12,20,24,41],"general":[3],"language-theoretic":[4],"framework":[5],"in":[6,50,54],"which":[7],"several":[8,74,149],"security":[9],"properties":[10],"of":[11,26,28,38,43,76,102,114,118],"system":[13,52],"can":[14],"be":[15,65],"expressed.":[16],"Its":[17],"parameters":[18],"are":[19,89],"predicate,":[21],"given":[22],"as":[23,91],"subset":[25],"runs":[27,39],"the":[29,36,51,55,83,86,100,112,119,156],"system,":[30],"and":[31,85,110,141,143],"an":[32],"observation":[33,87],"function,":[34],"from":[35,67,122],"set":[37,42],"into":[40],"observables.":[44],"The":[45],"predicate":[46,84,120],"describes":[47],"secret":[48],"information":[49],"and,":[53],"possibilistic":[56,130],"setting,":[57],"it":[58],"opaque":[60],"if":[61],"its":[62],"membership":[63,117],"cannot":[64],"inferred":[66,121],"observation.":[68,123],"In":[69],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"we":[72,132,144],"propose":[73],"notions":[75],"quantitative":[77],"opacity":[78,103],"for":[79,138],"probabilistic":[80],"systems,":[81],"where":[82],"function":[88],"seen":[90],"random":[92,108],"variables.":[93],"Our":[94],"aim":[95],"to":[97,106,135],"measure":[98],"(i)":[99],"probability":[101],"leakage":[104],"relative":[105],"these":[107,127,146],"variables":[109],"(ii)":[111],"level":[113],"uncertainty":[115],"about":[116],"We":[124,152],"show":[125],"how":[126],"measures":[128],"extend":[129],"opacity,":[131],"give":[133],"algorithms":[134],"compute":[136],"them":[137],"regular":[139],"secrets":[140],"observations,":[142],"apply":[145],"computations":[147],"on":[148],"classical":[150],"examples.":[151],"finally":[153],"partially":[154],"investigate":[155],"non-deterministic":[157],"setting.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
