{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093635459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344010000273","title":"On the effectiveness of Robot-Assisted Language Learning","display_name":"On the effectiveness of Robot-Assisted Language Learning","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093635459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344010000273","mag":"2093635459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0958344010000273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344010000273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29746465","display_name":"ReCALL","issn_l":"0958-3440","issn":["0958-3440","1474-0109"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ReCALL","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100720086","display_name":"Sung\u2010Jin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-8356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sungjin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea","Department of computer science and engineering, pohang university of science and technology (postech), south korea (email: junion@postech.ac.kr)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer science and engineering, pohang university of science and technology (postech), south korea (email: junion@postech.ac.kr)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036895610","display_name":"Hyungjong Noh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyungjong Noh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea","Department of computer science and engineering, pohang university of science and technology (postech), south korea (email: nohhj@postech.ac.kr)#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer science and engineering, pohang university of science and technology (postech), south korea (email: nohhj@postech.ac.kr)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101884291","display_name":"Jonghoon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7059-3126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonghoon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea","Department of computer science and engineering, pohang university of science and technology (postech), south korea (email: jh21983@postech.ac.kr)#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer science and engineering, pohang university of science and technology (postech), south korea (email: jh21983@postech.ac.kr)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043150565","display_name":"Kyusong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8113-4667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyusong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea","Department of computer science and engineering, pohang university of science and technology (postech), south korea (email: kyusonglee@postech.ac.kr)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer science and engineering, pohang university of science and technology (postech), south korea (email: kyusonglee@postech.ac.kr)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073320332","display_name":"Gary geunbae Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gary Geunbae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea","Department of computer science and engineering, pohang university of science and technology (postech), south korea (email: gblee@postech.ac.kr)#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer science and engineering, pohang university of science and technology (postech), south korea (email: gblee@postech.ac.kr)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091286986","display_name":"Seongdae Sagong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096735","display_name":"Korea Institute of Robot and Convergence","ror":"https://ror.org/00v019t60","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116723","display_name":"Robotics Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020w2fr77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seongdae Sagong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Intelligent Robotics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea","Center for intelligent robotics, korea institute of science and technology, south korea (email: sdsagong@kist.re.kr)#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent Robotics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723","https://openalex.org/I4210096735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for intelligent robotics, korea institute of science and technology, south korea (email: sdsagong@kist.re.kr)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026078832","display_name":"Munsang Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096735","display_name":"Korea Institute of Robot and Convergence","ror":"https://ror.org/00v019t60","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116723","display_name":"Robotics Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020w2fr77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Munsang Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Intelligent Robotics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea","Center for intelligent robotics, korea institute of science and technology, south korea (email: munsang@kist.re.kr)#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent Robotics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723","https://openalex.org/I4210096735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for intelligent robotics, korea institute of science and technology, south korea (email: munsang@kist.re.kr)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026078832","https://openalex.org/A5036895610","https://openalex.org/A5043150565","https://openalex.org/A5073320332","https://openalex.org/A5091286986","https://openalex.org/A5100720086","https://openalex.org/A5101884291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574","https://openalex.org/I4210096735","https://openalex.org/I4210116723","https://openalex.org/I58716616"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2304,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":173,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96024653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"25","last_page":"58"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.3237999975681305,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.3237999975681305,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.056699998676776886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.03350000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-listening","display_name":"Active listening","score":0.6356618404388428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5772442817687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5246180295944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5164523124694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/descriptive-statistics","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","score":0.4339885115623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41299134492874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.398328959941864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21750971674919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.09141722321510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08160001039505005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177291462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423038","display_name":"Active listening","level":2,"score":0.6356618404388428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5772442817687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5246180295944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5164523124694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.4339885115623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41299134492874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.398328959941864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21750971674919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.09141722321510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0958344010000273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344010000273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29746465","display_name":"ReCALL","issn_l":"0958-3440","issn":["0958-3440","1474-0109"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ReCALL","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oasis.postech.ac.kr:2014.oak/30724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/30724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401965","display_name":"Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","host_organization_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25144059","https://openalex.org/W51278496","https://openalex.org/W70605514","https://openalex.org/W132390448","https://openalex.org/W138545199","https://openalex.org/W167880415","https://openalex.org/W173617392","https://openalex.org/W362760882","https://openalex.org/W627567260","https://openalex.org/W1492186433","https://openalex.org/W1520527498","https://openalex.org/W1523111786","https://openalex.org/W1524766440","https://openalex.org/W1569391226","https://openalex.org/W1573000476","https://openalex.org/W1574418285","https://openalex.org/W1578342390","https://openalex.org/W1601467599","https://openalex.org/W1610836425","https://openalex.org/W1623072288","https://openalex.org/W1668967473","https://openalex.org/W1849900524","https://openalex.org/W1969164385","https://openalex.org/W1978347212","https://openalex.org/W1979299372","https://openalex.org/W1980351672","https://openalex.org/W1980566742","https://openalex.org/W1994352268","https://openalex.org/W1995441129","https://openalex.org/W1995963789","https://openalex.org/W1999029961","https://openalex.org/W1999570841","https://openalex.org/W2007002554","https://openalex.org/W2024490156","https://openalex.org/W2041257713","https://openalex.org/W2054043069","https://openalex.org/W2056017415","https://openalex.org/W2062480487","https://openalex.org/W2063954436","https://openalex.org/W2086107569","https://openalex.org/W2087084641","https://openalex.org/W2117547671","https://openalex.org/W2118868762","https://openalex.org/W2122267749","https://openalex.org/W2125711423","https://openalex.org/W2126644066","https://openalex.org/W2127838323","https://openalex.org/W2134483445","https://openalex.org/W2137286866","https://openalex.org/W2146871184","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2148098684","https://openalex.org/W2151157246","https://openalex.org/W2151645026","https://openalex.org/W2158873310","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2164877206","https://openalex.org/W2170748977","https://openalex.org/W2171270654","https://openalex.org/W2187903921","https://openalex.org/W2400757039","https://openalex.org/W2586452319","https://openalex.org/W2594052308","https://openalex.org/W2595741664","https://openalex.org/W2614652697","https://openalex.org/W2800129119","https://openalex.org/W2804903106","https://openalex.org/W2951226516","https://openalex.org/W3036876381","https://openalex.org/W3146425672","https://openalex.org/W4212938978","https://openalex.org/W4240311779","https://openalex.org/W4291114417","https://openalex.org/W6602049387","https://openalex.org/W6606826009","https://openalex.org/W6637070476","https://openalex.org/W6677233726","https://openalex.org/W6684927485"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2475724061","https://openalex.org/W2773393136","https://openalex.org/W2174706483","https://openalex.org/W419536403","https://openalex.org/W2506280730","https://openalex.org/W2997121352","https://openalex.org/W2366328218","https://openalex.org/W2509366663","https://openalex.org/W4243944146","https://openalex.org/W2385004494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"introduces":[3],"the":[4,17,76,80,84,92,98,108,116,123,144],"educational":[5],"assistant":[6],"robots":[7,46],"that":[8,132],"we":[9],"developed":[10],"for":[11],"foreign":[12],"language":[13,21],"learning":[14,22],"and":[15,115,135,141],"explores":[16],"effectiveness":[18],"of":[19,53,79,111,126,147],"robot-assisted":[20],"(RALL)":[23],"which":[24,39],"is":[25],"in":[26,38,47,58,66,91],"its":[27],"early":[28],"stages.":[29],"To":[30],"achieve":[31],"this":[32],"purpose,":[33],"a":[34,103],"course":[35],"was":[36,72,95],"designed":[37],"students":[40],"have":[41],"meaningful":[42],"interactions":[43],"with":[44,102],"intelligent":[45],"an":[48],"immersive":[49],"environment.":[50],"A":[51,69],"total":[52],"24":[54],"elementary":[55],"students,":[56],"ranging":[57],"age":[59],"from":[60],"ten":[61],"to":[62,74,121],"twelve,":[63],"were":[64,119],"enrolled":[65],"English":[67],"lessons.":[68],"pre-test/post-test":[70,117],"design":[71,118],"used":[73,120],"investigate":[75,122],"cognitive":[77],"effects":[78,125],"RALL":[81,127,133],"approach":[82],"on":[83],"students\u2019":[85,137],"oral":[86],"skills.":[87],"No":[88],"significant":[89],"difference":[90],"listening":[93],"skill":[94],"found,":[96],"but":[97],"speaking":[99],"skills":[100],"improved":[101,136],"large":[104],"effect":[105],"size":[106],"at":[107,143],"significance":[109,145],"level":[110,146],"0.01.":[112,148],"Descriptive":[113],"statistics":[114],"affective":[124],"approach.":[128],"The":[129],"result":[130],"showed":[131],"promoted":[134],"satisfaction,":[138],"interest,":[139],"confidence,":[140],"motivation":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
