{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2189687568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956796816000216","title":"Higher order symbolic execution for contract verification and refutation","display_name":"Higher order symbolic execution for contract verification and refutation","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2189687568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956796816000216","mag":"2189687568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0956796816000216","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956796816000216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12266929","display_name":"Journal of Functional Programming","issn_l":"0956-7968","issn":["0956-7968","1469-7653"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Functional Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.04817","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101071186","display_name":"Ph\u00fac C. Nguy\u1ec5n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6577-0159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"PH\u00daC C. NGUY\u00caN","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA (e-mail:","Univ. of Maryland,#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA (e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Maryland,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043677781","display_name":"Sam Tobin-Hochstadt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1302-6499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SAM TOBIN-HOCHSTADT","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA (e-mail:","Indiana University*"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA (e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University*","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091183810","display_name":"David Van Horn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9201-6864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DAVID VAN HORN","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA (e-mail:","Univ. of Maryland,#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA (e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Maryland,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101071186"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0782,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78747177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-execution","display_name":"Symbolic execution","score":0.8775002956390381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7879170179367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-by-contract","display_name":"Design by contract","score":0.7035385370254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6436268091201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.5296946167945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.5134673714637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-trajectory-evaluation","display_name":"Symbolic trajectory evaluation","score":0.5014228820800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.4732787311077118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35654860734939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3120177984237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.29724618792533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.15837886929512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11876791715621948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779639559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661178","display_name":"Symbolic execution","level":3,"score":0.8775002956390381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7879170179367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80291951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200691","display_name":"Design by contract","level":5,"score":0.7035385370254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6436268091201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.5296946167945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.5134673714637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661193","display_name":"Symbolic trajectory evaluation","level":3,"score":0.5014228820800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.4732787311077118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35654860734939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3120177984237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.29724618792533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.15837886929512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11876791715621948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0956796816000216","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956796816000216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12266929","display_name":"Journal of Functional Programming","issn_l":"0956-7968","issn":["0956-7968","1469-7653"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Functional Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1507.04817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.04817","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.04817","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2189687568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.04817.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1507.04817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1507.04817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1507.04817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.04817","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.04817","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2506076202","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-12-2-0106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4713059963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4969838252","display_name":"SHF: Small: Behavioral Software Contract Verification","funder_award_id":"1218390","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2189687568.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2189687568.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105120053","https://openalex.org/W1490347130","https://openalex.org/W1623496080","https://openalex.org/W1838262081","https://openalex.org/W1856452982","https://openalex.org/W1963954367","https://openalex.org/W1967698620","https://openalex.org/W1973094460","https://openalex.org/W1994090338","https://openalex.org/W2013885073","https://openalex.org/W2014359987","https://openalex.org/W2027189949","https://openalex.org/W2034379323","https://openalex.org/W2054410248","https://openalex.org/W2055886480","https://openalex.org/W2063019130","https://openalex.org/W2063307580","https://openalex.org/W2081841061","https://openalex.org/W2082975487","https://openalex.org/W2096368963","https://openalex.org/W2100962534","https://openalex.org/W2120172501","https://openalex.org/W2127317841","https://openalex.org/W2128303158","https://openalex.org/W2132897303","https://openalex.org/W2133828278","https://openalex.org/W2134918221","https://openalex.org/W2138308600","https://openalex.org/W2141505892","https://openalex.org/W2144160229","https://openalex.org/W2149469095","https://openalex.org/W2150138014","https://openalex.org/W2153036969","https://openalex.org/W2164859807","https://openalex.org/W2215196193","https://openalex.org/W2293770661","https://openalex.org/W2295923951","https://openalex.org/W2913080101","https://openalex.org/W2913210991","https://openalex.org/W2914040074","https://openalex.org/W2914795292","https://openalex.org/W3000428991","https://openalex.org/W3004277551","https://openalex.org/W3005614952","https://openalex.org/W4235379547","https://openalex.org/W4235903093","https://openalex.org/W4237492309","https://openalex.org/W4238764673","https://openalex.org/W4239433846","https://openalex.org/W4244488020","https://openalex.org/W4246691913","https://openalex.org/W4247948196","https://openalex.org/W4250199140","https://openalex.org/W4252251463","https://openalex.org/W4254338319","https://openalex.org/W4256174789"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005201077","https://openalex.org/W2520438138","https://openalex.org/W2803544309","https://openalex.org/W2165539025","https://openalex.org/W2029575717","https://openalex.org/W2798787136","https://openalex.org/W2949078466","https://openalex.org/W1590567996","https://openalex.org/W2107151638","https://openalex.org/W2899100473","https://openalex.org/W2894368102","https://openalex.org/W2151835341","https://openalex.org/W3114585449","https://openalex.org/W1537437501","https://openalex.org/W808755874","https://openalex.org/W2361574795","https://openalex.org/W1992448298","https://openalex.org/W2911400643","https://openalex.org/W1840677318","https://openalex.org/W1515352270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,261],"present":[2],"a":[3,17,34,46,61,78,85,153,210,246,264],"new":[4],"approach":[5,163,242],"to":[6,30,100,143,166,194,209,266],"automated":[7,137,233],"reasoning":[8],"about":[9],"higher-order":[10,69,89,239],"programs":[11,268],"by":[12,76,132],"endowing":[13],"symbolic":[14,21,70,74,88,128,148],"execution":[15,75,129],"with":[16,207,245],"notion":[18],"of":[19,43,81,87,93,114,160,178,191,232,248],"higher-order,":[20],"values.":[22],"To":[23],"validate":[24],"our":[25],"approach,":[26],"we":[27,50,59],"use":[28,159,190],"it":[29,227],"develop":[31],"and":[32,38,68,98,110,121,136,150,175,204,217,235,255,272,279],"evaluate":[33],"system":[35],"for":[36,213,238],"verifying":[37,278],"refuting":[39,280],"behavioral":[40,66],"software":[41],"contracts":[42,67,115,131,151],"components":[44,105,123],"in":[45,184,270,277],"functional":[47],"language,":[48],"which":[49,180],"call":[51],"soft":[52,117],"contract":[53],"verification":[54,97,118,135,234],".":[55],"In":[56],"doing":[57],"so,":[58],"discover":[60],"mutually":[62],"beneficial":[63],"relation":[64,146],"between":[65,147],"execution.":[71],"Contracts":[72],"aid":[73],"providing":[77,133],"rich":[79],"language":[80],"specifications":[82],"serving":[83],"as":[84,221],"basis":[86,231],"values;":[90],"the":[91,101,111,157,230],"theory":[92],"blame":[94],"enables":[95,116],"modular":[96],"leads":[99],"theorem":[102],"that":[103],"verified":[104,120],"can't":[106],"be":[107],"blamed":[108],";":[109],"run-time":[112],"monitoring":[113],"whereby":[119],"unverified":[122],"can":[124,228],"safely":[125],"interact.":[126],"Conversely,":[127],"aids":[130],"compile-time":[134],"test":[138],"case":[139],"generation":[140],"from":[141],"counter-examples":[142,218],"verification.":[144],"This":[145],"exuection":[149],"engenders":[152],"virtuous":[154],"cycle":[155],"encouraging":[156],"gradual":[158],"contracts.":[161,281],"Our":[162],"is":[164,202,243],"able":[165],"analyze":[167,267],"first-class":[168],"contracts,":[169],"recursive":[170],"data":[171],"structures,":[172],"unknown":[173],"functions,":[174],"control-flow-sensitive":[176],"refinements":[177],"values,":[179,223],"are":[181,219],"all":[182],"idiomatic":[183],"dynamic":[185],"languages.":[186],"It":[187],"makes":[188],"effective":[189],"off-the-shelf":[192],"solvers":[193],"decide":[195],"problems":[196],"without":[197],"heavy":[198],"encodings.":[199],"Counterexample":[200],"search":[201],"sound":[203],"relatively":[205],"complete":[206],"respect":[208],"first-order":[211],"solver":[212],"base":[214],"type":[215,251],"values":[216],"reported":[220],"concrete":[222],"including":[224],"functions.":[225],"Therefore,":[226],"form":[229],"bug-finding":[236],"tools":[237],"programs.":[240],"The":[241],"competitive":[244],"range":[247],"existing":[249],"tools\u2014including":[250],"systems,":[252],"flow":[253],"analyzers,":[254],"model":[256],"checkers\u2014on":[257],"their":[258],"own":[259],"benchmarks.":[260],"have":[262],"built":[263],"prototype":[265],"written":[269],"Racket":[271],"report":[273],"on":[274],"its":[275],"effectiveness":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T06:14:38.165362","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}