{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2079636731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956796812000135","title":"Contracts made manifest","display_name":"Contracts made manifest","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2079636731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956796812000135","mag":"2079636731"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0956796812000135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956796812000135","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/223F83D633FC9075D12274FC086F2EFD/S0956796812000135a.pdf/div-class-title-contracts-made-manifest-a-href-fn1a-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12266929","display_name":"Journal of Functional Programming","issn_l":"0956-7968","issn":["0956-7968","1469-7653"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Functional Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/223F83D633FC9075D12274FC086F2EFD/S0956796812000135a.pdf/div-class-title-contracts-made-manifest-a-href-fn1a-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075185353","display_name":"Michael Greenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0014-7670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"MICHAEL GREENBERG","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (e-mail:","University of pennsylvania, philadelphia, pa 19104, usa (e-mail: mgree@seas.upenn.edu)#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of pennsylvania, philadelphia, pa 19104, usa (e-mail: mgree@seas.upenn.edu)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085361253","display_name":"Benjamin C. Pierce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7839-1636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"BENJAMIN C. PIERCE","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (e-mail:","University of pennsylvania, philadelphia, pa 19104, usa (e-mail: mgree@seas.upenn.edu)#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of pennsylvania, philadelphia, pa 19104, usa (e-mail: mgree@seas.upenn.edu)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049220962","display_name":"Stephanie Weirich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6756-9168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"STEPHANIE WEIRICH","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (e-mail:","University of pennsylvania, philadelphia, pa 19104, usa (e-mail: mgree@seas.upenn.edu)#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of pennsylvania, philadelphia, pa 19104, usa (e-mail: mgree@seas.upenn.edu)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075185353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.095,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91891284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"225","last_page":"274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soundness","display_name":"Soundness","score":0.8429692387580872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7613239884376526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intuition","display_name":"Intuition","score":0.5170800685882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.47692057490348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.47417986392974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.41424036026000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.411251038312912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calculus","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","score":0.3550914525985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.3540445566177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3430723547935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3070710301399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20643001794815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.14919570088386536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.10310551524162292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.8429692387580872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7613239884376526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.5170800685882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47692057490348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47417986392974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.41424036026000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.411251038312912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777686260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","level":2,"score":0.3550914525985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3540445566177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3430723547935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3070710301399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20643001794815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.14919570088386536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10310551524162292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0956796812000135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956796812000135","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/223F83D633FC9075D12274FC086F2EFD/S0956796812000135a.pdf/div-class-title-contracts-made-manifest-a-href-fn1a-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12266929","display_name":"Journal of Functional Programming","issn_l":"0956-7968","issn":["0956-7968","1469-7653"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Functional Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0956796812000135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956796812000135","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/223F83D633FC9075D12274FC086F2EFD/S0956796812000135a.pdf/div-class-title-contracts-made-manifest-a-href-fn1a-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12266929","display_name":"Journal of Functional Programming","issn_l":"0956-7968","issn":["0956-7968","1469-7653"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Functional Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1314486454","display_name":"LINGUISTIC FOUNDATIONS FOR XML VIEW UPDATE","funder_award_id":"0534592","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G235454556","display_name":"A Practical Dependently-Typed Functional Programming Language","funder_award_id":"0702545","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5652573600","display_name":"SHF:Large:Collaborative Research:TRELLYS: Community-Based Design and Implementation of a Dependently Typed Programming Language","funder_award_id":"0910786","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6775772685","display_name":"TC: SMALL: Contracts for Precise Types","funder_award_id":"0915671","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2079636731.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2079636731.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37142284","https://openalex.org/W1526601993","https://openalex.org/W1555946950","https://openalex.org/W1562530348","https://openalex.org/W1604665600","https://openalex.org/W1980939032","https://openalex.org/W2075981791","https://openalex.org/W2078944436","https://openalex.org/W2092351491","https://openalex.org/W2096001571","https://openalex.org/W2114980032","https://openalex.org/W2128303158","https://openalex.org/W2139597778","https://openalex.org/W2144160229","https://openalex.org/W2165657834","https://openalex.org/W4210312485","https://openalex.org/W4235625820","https://openalex.org/W4238881020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511249877","https://openalex.org/W2466303427","https://openalex.org/W1578828174","https://openalex.org/W2000943029","https://openalex.org/W2950376466","https://openalex.org/W4302559785","https://openalex.org/W4226437312","https://openalex.org/W2949331520","https://openalex.org/W2140496290","https://openalex.org/W2002878601"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Since":[1],"Findler":[2,29],"and":[3,30,87,99,110,125,143,173,208,218,222,239,242,251],"Felleisen":[4,31],"(Findler,":[5],"R.":[6],"B.":[7],"&amp;":[8,114],"Felleisen,":[9],"M.":[10],"2002)":[11],"introduced":[12],"higher-order":[13],"contracts":[14,186],",":[15,131,142,187,227],"many":[16],"variants":[17],"have":[18],"been":[19,61],"proposed.":[20],"Broadly,":[21],"these":[22],"fall":[23],"into":[24],"two":[25,67,219],"groups:":[26],"some":[27],"follow":[28],"(2002)":[32],"in":[33,233,264,268],"using":[34],"latent":[35,121,250],"contracts,":[36,50,207],"purely":[37],"dynamic":[38],"checks":[39],"that":[40,59,107,145,248,274],"are":[41,69,254],"transparent":[42],"to":[43,63,72,97,139,152,170,184],"the":[44,55,78,88,181,246,249,259,269],"type":[45,85,229],"system;":[46],"others":[47],"use":[48],"manifest":[49,127,252],"where":[51],"refinement":[52],"types":[53],"record":[54],"most":[56],"recent":[57],"check":[58],"has":[60],"applied":[62],"each":[64],"value.":[65],"These":[66],"approaches":[68],"commonly":[70],"assumed":[71],"be":[73],"equivalent\u2014different":[74],"ways":[75],"of":[76,108,206,215,224],"implementing":[77],"same":[79],"idea,":[80],"one":[81,265],"retaining":[82],"a":[83,120,126,133,147,153,164,201],"simple":[84],"system,":[86],"other":[89],"providing":[90],"more":[91,203],"static":[92],"information.":[93],"Our":[94,104],"goal":[95],"is":[96,196],"formalize":[98],"clarify":[100],"this":[101],"folklore":[102],"understanding.":[103],"work":[105],"extends":[106],"Gronski":[109],"Flanagan":[111],"(Gronski,":[112],"J.":[113],"Flanagan,":[115],"C.":[116],"2007),":[117],"who":[118],"defined":[119],"calculus":[122,128],"\u03bb":[123,129,137,140,148,168,171,216,225,236],"C":[124,138,149,172,226],"H":[130,141,169,217,237],"gave":[132],"translation":[134,165],"\u03c6":[135,241],"from":[136,167],"proved":[144],"if":[146],"term":[150],"reduces":[151],"constant,":[154],"so":[155],"does":[156],"its":[157],"\u03c6-image.":[158],"We":[159,178,211],"enrich":[160],"their":[161],"account":[162],"with":[163],"\u03c8":[166,243],"prove":[174],"an":[175],"analogous":[176],"theorem.":[177],"then":[179],"generalize":[180],"whole":[182],"framework":[183],"dependent":[185,213],"whose":[188],"predicates":[189],"can":[190],"mention":[191],"free":[192],"variables.":[193],"This":[194],"extension":[195],"both":[197],"pragmatically":[198],"crucial,":[199],"supporting":[200],"much":[202],"interesting":[204],"range":[205],"theoretically":[209],"challenging.":[210],"define":[212],"versions":[214],"dialects":[220],"(\u201clax\u201d":[221],"\u201cpicky\u201d)":[223],"establish":[228],"soundness\u2014a":[230],"substantial":[231],"result":[232],"itself,":[234],"for":[235],"\u2014":[238],"extend":[240],"accordingly.":[244],"Surprisingly,":[245],"intuition":[247],"systems":[253],"equivalent":[255],"now":[256],"breaks":[257],"down:":[258],"extended":[260],"translations":[261],"preserve":[262],"behavior":[263],"direction,":[266],"but":[267],"other,":[270],"sometimes":[271],"yield":[272],"terms":[273],"blame":[275],"more.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
