{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899652826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888921000102","title":"Contrastive explanation: a structural-model approach","display_name":"Contrastive explanation: a structural-model approach","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899652826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888921000102","mag":"2899652826"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0269888921000102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888921000102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137506714","display_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","issn_l":"0269-8889","issn":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.03163","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028824146","display_name":"Tim Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-6063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tim Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia E-mail:"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028824146"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.159,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":170,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99017586,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/casual","display_name":"Casual","score":0.5830621719360352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5724814534187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5718182325363159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5535552501678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5266083478927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.5062695741653442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.48180240392684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.4514361023902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.37454402446746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3656988739967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0975508987903595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2275793","display_name":"Casual","level":2,"score":0.5830621719360352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5724814534187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5718182325363159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5535552501678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5266083478927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.5062695741653442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.48180240392684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4514361023902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.37454402446746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3656988739967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0975508987903595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0269888921000102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888921000102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137506714","display_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","issn_l":"0269-8889","issn":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1811.03163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03163","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.03163","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1811.03163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03163","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.03163","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W317793146","https://openalex.org/W761508262","https://openalex.org/W1549872659","https://openalex.org/W1634651596","https://openalex.org/W1884349939","https://openalex.org/W1942248188","https://openalex.org/W1963959269","https://openalex.org/W1974279946","https://openalex.org/W2006497425","https://openalex.org/W2052916960","https://openalex.org/W2060125219","https://openalex.org/W2069743909","https://openalex.org/W2094837707","https://openalex.org/W2100522339","https://openalex.org/W2130511688","https://openalex.org/W2131251708","https://openalex.org/W2137819283","https://openalex.org/W2142910214","https://openalex.org/W2154988829","https://openalex.org/W2155701175","https://openalex.org/W2162651730","https://openalex.org/W2264742718","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2321972046","https://openalex.org/W2324194279","https://openalex.org/W2512823917","https://openalex.org/W2620600342","https://openalex.org/W2670253439","https://openalex.org/W2808460052","https://openalex.org/W2942444880","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963125461","https://openalex.org/W2963276306","https://openalex.org/W2963412070","https://openalex.org/W2965046886","https://openalex.org/W2998004401","https://openalex.org/W2998512575","https://openalex.org/W3016288167","https://openalex.org/W3023025214","https://openalex.org/W3104149808","https://openalex.org/W3122175177","https://openalex.org/W4210828651","https://openalex.org/W4231827019","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4293507378","https://openalex.org/W6622246111","https://openalex.org/W6634326690","https://openalex.org/W6678954091","https://openalex.org/W6693199996","https://openalex.org/W6738843144","https://openalex.org/W6745730051","https://openalex.org/W6748744355","https://openalex.org/W6752150782","https://openalex.org/W6761719418","https://openalex.org/W6776589794","https://openalex.org/W6809680140","https://openalex.org/W6827019770","https://openalex.org/W7027579263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1005754617","https://openalex.org/W756683672","https://openalex.org/W2979523788","https://openalex.org/W2014044877","https://openalex.org/W3141514971","https://openalex.org/W1673318806","https://openalex.org/W2166929399","https://openalex.org/W3124834840","https://openalex.org/W3215211012","https://openalex.org/W2490317329"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"presents":[3],"a":[4,52,81,95],"model":[5,68,153,181],"of":[6,15,37,43,94,119,160,187],"contrastive":[7,109,161,193],"explanation":[8,17,63,79,118,130,162],"using":[9],"structural":[10,72,151],"casual":[11],"models.":[12],"The":[13],"topic":[14],"causal":[16,73,152],"in":[18,24,100,171,185],"artificial":[19,44,172,188],"intelligence":[20,45,189],"has":[21],"gathered":[22],"interest":[23],"recent":[25],"years":[26],"as":[27,80],"researchers":[28,184],"and":[29,35,102,164,175],"practitioners":[30],"aim":[31,60],"to":[32,61,86,132,155,190],"increase":[33],"trust":[34],"understanding":[36],"intelligent":[38],"decision-making.":[39],"While":[40],"different":[41],"sub-fields":[42],"have":[46],"looked":[47],"into":[48],"this":[49,146,180],"problem":[50],"with":[51],"sub-field-specific":[53],"view,":[54],"there":[55],"are":[56,108,126],"few":[57],"models":[58,74],"that":[59,106,111,137,179],"capture":[62],"more":[64],"generally.":[65],"One":[66],"general":[67],"is":[69],"based":[70],"on":[71,167],".":[75],"It":[76],"defines":[77],"an":[78,91,117,120,129],"fact":[82,122],"that,":[83],"if":[84],"found":[85],"be":[87],"true,":[88],"would":[89],"constitute":[90],"actual":[92],"cause":[93],"specific":[96],"event.":[97],"However,":[98],"research":[99],"philosophy":[101],"social":[103],"sciences":[104],"shows":[105],"explanations":[107],":":[110],"is,":[112,138],"when":[113],"people":[114],"ask":[115],"for":[116,128],"event\u2014the":[121],"\u2014they":[123],"(sometimes":[124],"implicitly)":[125],"asking":[127],"relative":[131],"some":[133],"contrast":[134],"case":[135],";":[136],"\u2018Why":[139],"P":[140],"rather":[141],"than":[142],"Q":[143],"?\u2019.":[144],"In":[145],"paper,":[147],"we":[148],"extend":[149],"the":[150],"approach":[154],"define":[156],"two":[157,168],"complementary":[158],"notions":[159],",":[163],"demonstrate":[165],"them":[166],"classical":[169],"problems":[170],"intelligence:":[173],"classification":[174],"planning.":[176],"We":[177],"believe":[178],"can":[182],"help":[183],"subfields":[186],"better":[191],"understand":[192],"explanation.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}