{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125845837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900005038","title":"What is a deep expert system? An analysis of the architectural requirements of second-generation expert systems","display_name":"What is a deep expert system? An analysis of the architectural requirements of second-generation expert systems","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125845837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900005038","mag":"2125845837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0269888900005038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900005038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137506714","display_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","issn_l":"0269-8889","issn":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055458169","display_name":"Elpida Keravnou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E. T. Keravnou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University College, London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK","Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK ()"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University College, London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002276336","display_name":"John Washbrook","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Washbrook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University College, London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK","Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK ()"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University College, London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055458169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0819,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98523703,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"205","last_page":"233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7221517562866211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6808809041976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5885753035545349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5548025965690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.5409989356994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extensibility","display_name":"Extensibility","score":0.5037640929222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-generation","display_name":"First generation","score":0.45743849873542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45270344614982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.442848265171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.33501189947128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14520138502120972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13570961356163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07251513004302979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7221517562866211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6808809041976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5885753035545349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5548025965690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.5409989356994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32833848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115054","display_name":"Extensibility","level":2,"score":0.5037640929222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992829110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3921615","display_name":"First generation","level":3,"score":0.45743849873542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45270344614982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.442848265171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.33501189947128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14520138502120972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13570961356163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07251513004302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0269888900005038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900005038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137506714","display_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","issn_l":"0269-8889","issn":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33285635","https://openalex.org/W54138285","https://openalex.org/W81477780","https://openalex.org/W89386754","https://openalex.org/W96305443","https://openalex.org/W110295840","https://openalex.org/W118422888","https://openalex.org/W130755453","https://openalex.org/W138464449","https://openalex.org/W163088647","https://openalex.org/W166237558","https://openalex.org/W171651098","https://openalex.org/W172699314","https://openalex.org/W179658010","https://openalex.org/W194921465","https://openalex.org/W219064614","https://openalex.org/W272006471","https://openalex.org/W655583794","https://openalex.org/W1483434449","https://openalex.org/W1489174353","https://openalex.org/W1491353829","https://openalex.org/W1523400462","https://openalex.org/W1527794942","https://openalex.org/W1550958774","https://openalex.org/W1552704885","https://openalex.org/W1553134195","https://openalex.org/W1560925469","https://openalex.org/W1591144156","https://openalex.org/W1591357117","https://openalex.org/W1593793857","https://openalex.org/W1607098608","https://openalex.org/W1665484771","https://openalex.org/W1878249060","https://openalex.org/W1971974040","https://openalex.org/W1973925773","https://openalex.org/W1976303542","https://openalex.org/W1989875003","https://openalex.org/W1991727785","https://openalex.org/W1998222699","https://openalex.org/W2003330768","https://openalex.org/W2004057002","https://openalex.org/W2004489979","https://openalex.org/W2005678616","https://openalex.org/W2007532308","https://openalex.org/W2020672583","https://openalex.org/W2023673469","https://openalex.org/W2028822295","https://openalex.org/W2030418517","https://openalex.org/W2038386889","https://openalex.org/W2047651390","https://openalex.org/W2048737604","https://openalex.org/W2049297060","https://openalex.org/W2049519443","https://openalex.org/W2049819684","https://openalex.org/W2051747042","https://openalex.org/W2052222137","https://openalex.org/W2067210451","https://openalex.org/W2074706689","https://openalex.org/W2074891686","https://openalex.org/W2075434229","https://openalex.org/W2075506010","https://openalex.org/W2076631991","https://openalex.org/W2083145067","https://openalex.org/W2110293626","https://openalex.org/W2112446617","https://openalex.org/W2122540544","https://openalex.org/W2134276958","https://openalex.org/W2147096558","https://openalex.org/W2157658920","https://openalex.org/W2160630870","https://openalex.org/W2161484642","https://openalex.org/W2179092893","https://openalex.org/W2180809782","https://openalex.org/W2255749336","https://openalex.org/W2313926960","https://openalex.org/W2397571339","https://openalex.org/W2461719281","https://openalex.org/W2465742014","https://openalex.org/W2474320561","https://openalex.org/W2570774740","https://openalex.org/W2619825497","https://openalex.org/W2899987233","https://openalex.org/W2912848477","https://openalex.org/W2915007872","https://openalex.org/W3121215811","https://openalex.org/W4210542099","https://openalex.org/W4230806689","https://openalex.org/W4243904132","https://openalex.org/W4244350360","https://openalex.org/W4253727480","https://openalex.org/W4292994270","https://openalex.org/W4298037799","https://openalex.org/W4302603702","https://openalex.org/W4376862038","https://openalex.org/W6603630793","https://openalex.org/W6603917999","https://openalex.org/W6605432304","https://openalex.org/W6606785857","https://openalex.org/W6606943315","https://openalex.org/W6606982309","https://openalex.org/W6607828963","https://openalex.org/W6608644660","https://openalex.org/W6629453771","https://openalex.org/W6632891760","https://openalex.org/W6633149838","https://openalex.org/W6635219457","https://openalex.org/W6652199342","https://openalex.org/W6682878556","https://openalex.org/W6685758942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1948607442","https://openalex.org/W3004004161","https://openalex.org/W2044615423","https://openalex.org/W4247766898","https://openalex.org/W4244765761","https://openalex.org/W2361584951","https://openalex.org/W2365327041","https://openalex.org/W4225348249","https://openalex.org/W31122515","https://openalex.org/W2466086502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"First-generation":[1],"expert":[2,26,137],"systems":[3,44,57,138],"have":[4,72,91],"significant":[5],"limitations,":[6],"often":[7],"attributed":[8],"to":[9,21,30,39,114],"their":[10],"not":[11],"being":[12],"sufficiently":[13],"deep":[14,25],".":[15],"However,":[16],"a":[17,24,82,99,166],"generally":[18],"accepted":[19],"answer":[20,34,40],"\u201cWhat":[22],"is":[23,28,53,81],"system?\u201d":[27],"still":[29],"be":[31],"given.":[32],"To":[33],"this":[35,119,150],"question":[36],"one":[37],"needs":[38],"\u201cWhy":[41],"do":[42],"first-generation":[43,56,108,136],"exhibit":[45],"the":[46,61,88,95,103,107,123,126,135,147],"limitations":[47,124],"they":[48],"do?\u201d":[49],"thus":[50,139],"identifying":[51],"what":[52],"missing":[54],"from":[55],"and":[58,132,157],"therefore":[59],"setting":[60,140],"design":[62,141],"objectives":[63],"for":[64,143,165],"second-generation":[65,70,144,153,168],"(i.e.":[66],"deep)":[67],"systems.":[68,145],"Several":[69],"architectures":[71,80,90,154],"been":[73,92],"proposed;":[74],"inherent":[75],"in":[76],"each":[77],"of":[78,84,87,97,106,134,149],"these":[79],"definition":[83],"deepness.":[85],"Some":[86],"proposed":[89,152],"designed":[93],"with":[94],"objective":[96],"alleviating":[98],"subset,":[100],"rather":[101],"than":[102],"whole":[104],"set,":[105],"limitations.":[109],"Such":[110],"approaches":[111],"are":[112,155],"prone":[113],"local,":[115],"non-robust":[116],"solutions.":[117],"In":[118],"paper":[120,160],"we":[121],"analyze":[122],"(under":[125],"categories:":[127],"human-computer":[128],"interaction,":[129],"problem-solving":[130],"flexibility,":[131],"extensibility)":[133],"goals":[142],"On":[146],"basis":[148],"analysis":[151],"reviewed":[156],"compared.":[158],"The":[159],"concludes":[161],"by":[162],"presenting":[163],"requirements":[164],"generic":[167],"architecture.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-08T20:05:33.558190","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}