{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2070053377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900000047","title":"Knowledge-acquisition tools with explicit problem-solving models","display_name":"Knowledge-acquisition tools with explicit problem-solving models","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2070053377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900000047","mag":"2070053377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0269888900000047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900000047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137506714","display_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","issn_l":"0269-8889","issn":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013309904","display_name":"William P. Birmingham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Birmingham","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (e.mail:","University of Michigan, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (e.mail: wpb@crim.eecs.umich.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (e.mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (e.mail: wpb@crim.eecs.umich.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012098192","display_name":"Georg Klinker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122731","display_name":"Digital Wave (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t3fqk56","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122731"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georg Klinker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Equipment Corporation, 111 Locke Drive, Marlboro, MA 01752, USA (e.mail:","Digital Equipment Corporation, 111 Locke Drive, Marlboro, MA 01752, USA (e.mail: klinker@airg.dec.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Equipment Corporation, 111 Locke Drive, Marlboro, MA 01752, USA (e.mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122731"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Equipment Corporation, 111 Locke Drive, Marlboro, MA 01752, USA (e.mail: klinker@airg.dec.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122731"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8964,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90962574,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"5","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10820","display_name":"Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-acquisition","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","score":0.7741891741752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7221522927284241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6554424166679382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.6305327415466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.6121792197227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5717047452926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-expert-system","display_name":"Legal expert system","score":0.4931182563304901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject-matter-expert","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","score":0.4925726056098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.4800339937210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4712579548358917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-based-systems","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","score":0.4668503403663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4476069509983063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4329041838645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-knowledge","display_name":"Procedural knowledge","score":0.4203665256500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3937772214412689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.33639174699783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12708869576454163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777220311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423340","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","level":2,"score":0.7741891741752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7221522927284241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6554424166679382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.6305327415466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.6121792197227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5717047452926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102600418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517507","display_name":"Legal expert system","level":3,"score":0.4931182563304901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.4925726056098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.4800339937210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4712579548358917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.4668503403663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4476069509983063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4329041838645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124469403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813993","display_name":"Procedural knowledge","level":3,"score":0.4203665256500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3937772214412689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.33639174699783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12708869576454163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0269888900000047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900000047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137506714","display_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","issn_l":"0269-8889","issn":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23343499","https://openalex.org/W55833631","https://openalex.org/W747007705","https://openalex.org/W1508357244","https://openalex.org/W1547360557","https://openalex.org/W1557619604","https://openalex.org/W1564273860","https://openalex.org/W1567346839","https://openalex.org/W1662253994","https://openalex.org/W1702886609","https://openalex.org/W1979045129","https://openalex.org/W1996948511","https://openalex.org/W2003189694","https://openalex.org/W2005004006","https://openalex.org/W2005935894","https://openalex.org/W2035346816","https://openalex.org/W2041289621","https://openalex.org/W2041817875","https://openalex.org/W2052155864","https://openalex.org/W2054680307","https://openalex.org/W2067941730","https://openalex.org/W2079620829","https://openalex.org/W2086200448","https://openalex.org/W2086457680","https://openalex.org/W2092321832","https://openalex.org/W2094300522","https://openalex.org/W2113332236","https://openalex.org/W2113918763","https://openalex.org/W2121991709","https://openalex.org/W2125744453","https://openalex.org/W2136701513","https://openalex.org/W2144501820","https://openalex.org/W2146006151","https://openalex.org/W2148571423","https://openalex.org/W2406327145","https://openalex.org/W2497745075","https://openalex.org/W2541514559","https://openalex.org/W2915007872","https://openalex.org/W3023105709","https://openalex.org/W4211039335","https://openalex.org/W4230806689","https://openalex.org/W4253542262","https://openalex.org/W6602233603","https://openalex.org/W6622239623","https://openalex.org/W6664387795","https://openalex.org/W6678320747","https://openalex.org/W6682012852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4230502458","https://openalex.org/W2066596929","https://openalex.org/W210560812","https://openalex.org/W2479922357","https://openalex.org/W1988622546","https://openalex.org/W765335944","https://openalex.org/W4229675364","https://openalex.org/W2401493695","https://openalex.org/W2323201476","https://openalex.org/W4242515100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"the":[2,27,53,59,62,72],"past":[3],"decade,":[4],"expert":[5,21],"systems":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"applied":[9],"to":[10],"a":[11,46],"wide":[12],"variety":[13],"of":[14,20,48,61],"application":[15],"tasks.":[16],"A":[17,36],"central":[18],"problem":[19],"system":[22],"development":[23],"and":[24,33,80],"maintenance":[25],"is":[26,40],"demand":[28],"placed":[29],"on":[30],"knowledge":[31,63,76],"engineers":[32],"domain":[34],"experts.":[35],"commonly":[37],"proposed":[38],"solution":[39],"knowledge-acquisition":[41,49],"tools.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44],"reviews":[45],"class":[47],"tools":[50,73],"that":[51],"presuppose":[52],"problem-solving":[54,67],"method,":[55],"as":[56,58],"well":[57],"structure":[60],"base.":[64],"These":[65],"explicit":[66],"models":[68],"are":[69],"exploited":[70],"by":[71],"during":[74],"knowledge-acquisition,":[75],"generalization,":[77],"error":[78],"checking":[79],"code":[81],"generation.":[82]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
