{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983077767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263574797000179","title":"A comparison of rehabilitation robotics languages and software","display_name":"A comparison of rehabilitation robotics languages and software","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983077767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263574797000179","mag":"1983077767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0263574797000179","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263574797000179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92163612","display_name":"Robotica","issn_l":"0263-5747","issn":["0263-5747","1469-8668"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022991026","display_name":"William Harwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3928-3381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71052956","display_name":"University of Reading","ror":"https://ror.org/05v62cm79","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William S. Harwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybernetics, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AY, UK","Department of Cybernetics , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AY, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybernetics, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AY, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybernetics , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AY, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010241216","display_name":"Raymond G. Gosine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8990-115X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ray G. Gosine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, Newfoundland, Canada","Medical Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, Newfoundland, Canada#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, Newfoundland, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, Newfoundland, Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023164271","display_name":"Zunaid Kazi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I210824098","display_name":"Wilmington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jrtvk29","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I210824098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zunaid Kazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Science and Engineering Laboratories, University of Delaware and the Alfred I. duPont Institute, Wilmington, Delaware, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Science and Engineering Laboratories, University of Delaware and the Alfred I. duPont Institute, Wilmington, Delaware, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I210824098","https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110602251","display_name":"David Lees","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Lees","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Design Research, Stanford University, Stanford, and Migration Software Systems Ltd., San Jose, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Design Research, Stanford University, Stanford, and Migration Software Systems Ltd., San Jose, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011882293","display_name":"John L. Dallaway","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John L. Dallaway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK","Dept. of Eng., Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Eng., Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022991026"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0345,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92123401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"133","last_page":"151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.7221617102622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6394344568252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.6222791075706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6054434776306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5818788409233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5432310104370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5101156830787659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5057504177093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4969344437122345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation-robotics","display_name":"Rehabilitation robotics","score":0.44915997982025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"Rehabilitation","score":0.4157216548919678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.24607130885124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10475796461105347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.7221617102622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6394344568252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6222791075706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6054434776306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5818788409233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5432310104370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5101156830787659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5057504177093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4969344437122345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775862927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7309766","display_name":"Rehabilitation robotics","level":3,"score":0.44915997982025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.4157216548919678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24607130885124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10475796461105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0263574797000179","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263574797000179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92163612","display_name":"Robotica","issn_l":"0263-5747","issn":["0263-5747","1469-8668"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.360.2140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.360.2140","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93247917","https://openalex.org/W655685204","https://openalex.org/W1532234973","https://openalex.org/W1978639877","https://openalex.org/W2023789118","https://openalex.org/W2030241098","https://openalex.org/W2036945961","https://openalex.org/W2057954625","https://openalex.org/W2064921020","https://openalex.org/W2091214844","https://openalex.org/W2104454497","https://openalex.org/W2106441077","https://openalex.org/W2128867236","https://openalex.org/W2134927525","https://openalex.org/W2135643110","https://openalex.org/W2145043843","https://openalex.org/W2146087509","https://openalex.org/W2148825321","https://openalex.org/W2162108001","https://openalex.org/W2164263226","https://openalex.org/W2440493288","https://openalex.org/W2998245691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096429409","https://openalex.org/W2791650347","https://openalex.org/W2055564519","https://openalex.org/W4211223028","https://openalex.org/W4233182069","https://openalex.org/W2741479573","https://openalex.org/W2404376222","https://openalex.org/W4390718607","https://openalex.org/W2776869443","https://openalex.org/W3009133210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,29,33,79],"a":[2,75,83,92],"wide":[3,93],"diversity":[4],"in":[5,46],"the":[6,34,42,66,99],"functioning":[7],"and":[8,13,22,41,68,73],"programming":[9,69],"of":[10,24,57,70,95],"robots":[11,72],"designed":[12],"programmed":[14],"to":[15,63],"assist":[16,64],"individuals":[17],"with":[18,65],"disabilities.":[19],"The":[20,31,49],"planning":[21],"structure":[23],"four":[25,89],"rehabilitation":[26,71],"robot":[27],"implementations":[28,90],"presented.":[30],"first":[32],"CURL":[35],"language":[36],"developed":[37],"for":[38,54,98],"human":[39],"interface":[40,96],"most":[43],"widely":[44],"used":[45],"this":[47],"field.":[48],"second,":[50],"MUSIIC,":[51],"explores":[52],"methods":[53],"direct":[55],"manipulation":[56],"objects.":[58],"RoboGlyph":[59],"uses":[60],"symbolic":[61],"constructs":[62],"direction":[67],"finally":[74],"multi-tasking":[76],"operating":[77],"executive":[78],"discussed":[80],"that":[81],"controls":[82],"bilateral":[84],"head":[85],"operated":[86],"telerobot.":[87],"These":[88],"reflect":[91],"range":[94],"concepts":[97],"intended":[100],"users.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}