{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2075722034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263574709990695","title":"Vehicle detection and tracking for visual understanding of road environments","display_name":"Vehicle detection and tracking for visual understanding of road environments","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2075722034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263574709990695","mag":"2075722034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0263574709990695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263574709990695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92163612","display_name":"Robotica","issn_l":"0263-5747","issn":["0263-5747","1469-8668"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042213241","display_name":"Arturo de la Escalera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2618-857X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arturo de la Escalera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911, Leganes, Spain","Intelligent systems laboratory, department of systems engineering and automation, universidad carlos iii de madrid, 28911, leganes, spain#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911, Leganes, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent systems laboratory, department of systems engineering and automation, universidad carlos iii de madrid, 28911, leganes, spain#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026614974","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Armingol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3353-9956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Maria Armingol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911, Leganes, Spain","Intelligent systems laboratory, department of systems engineering and automation, universidad carlos iii de madrid, 28911, leganes, spain#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911, Leganes, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent systems laboratory, department of systems engineering and automation, universidad carlos iii de madrid, 28911, leganes, spain#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042213241"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.58222602,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85935628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":"847","last_page":"860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7203090786933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.646282970905304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6333845853805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6260192394256592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5627259016036987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5508886575698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5392303466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.47734835743904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-flow","display_name":"Optical flow","score":0.45597681403160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cruise-control","display_name":"Cruise control","score":0.4281383752822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.4277064800262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-tracking-system","display_name":"Vehicle tracking system","score":0.4204522669315338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3058789372444153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19306355714797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.13957232236862183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7203090786933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.646282970905304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6333845853805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6260192394256592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5627259016036987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5508886575698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5392303466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47734835743904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155542232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736111","display_name":"Optical flow","level":3,"score":0.45597681403160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113168747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507295","display_name":"Cruise control","level":3,"score":0.4281383752822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.4277064800262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84119951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3498530","display_name":"Vehicle tracking system","level":3,"score":0.4204522669315338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3058789372444153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19306355714797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.13957232236862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0263574709990695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263574709990695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92163612","display_name":"Robotica","issn_l":"0263-5747","issn":["0263-5747","1469-8668"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497129724","https://openalex.org/W1555719460","https://openalex.org/W1585855827","https://openalex.org/W1631218178","https://openalex.org/W1853789513","https://openalex.org/W1998196640","https://openalex.org/W2004427741","https://openalex.org/W2005222981","https://openalex.org/W2084103176","https://openalex.org/W2100453294","https://openalex.org/W2101033509","https://openalex.org/W2106910394","https://openalex.org/W2115706862","https://openalex.org/W2116632966","https://openalex.org/W2117823680","https://openalex.org/W2123068169","https://openalex.org/W2124368862","https://openalex.org/W2124614491","https://openalex.org/W2125022514","https://openalex.org/W2125399550","https://openalex.org/W2126452053","https://openalex.org/W2130799764","https://openalex.org/W2131550749","https://openalex.org/W2134365368","https://openalex.org/W2136767008","https://openalex.org/W2139262811","https://openalex.org/W2142550401","https://openalex.org/W2147291488","https://openalex.org/W2148957667","https://openalex.org/W2149730819","https://openalex.org/W2151232962","https://openalex.org/W2152150600","https://openalex.org/W2155557388","https://openalex.org/W2160417463","https://openalex.org/W2169122647","https://openalex.org/W2169233188","https://openalex.org/W2904250082","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W4232701327","https://openalex.org/W4248083759","https://openalex.org/W4248508312","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4365799919"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285388621","https://openalex.org/W1924272368","https://openalex.org/W2771706547","https://openalex.org/W1983059685","https://openalex.org/W1607043069","https://openalex.org/W2108009824","https://openalex.org/W2893218741","https://openalex.org/W1983391308","https://openalex.org/W4235683628","https://openalex.org/W4300625310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SUMMARY":[0],"Many":[1],"of":[2,11,15,19,26,41,116,121,137,170],"the":[3,9,13,39,52,70,74,88,104,117,122,125,133,144,167,182],"advanced":[4],"driver":[5],"assistance":[6],"systems":[7],"have":[8],"goal":[10],"perceiving":[12],"surroundings":[14],"a":[16,43,80,110,149,159],"vehicle.":[17],"One":[18],"them,":[20],"adaptive":[21],"cruise":[22],"control,":[23],"takes":[24],"charge":[25],"searching":[27],"for":[28,101,140],"other":[29],"vehicles":[30,71],"in":[31,55],"order":[32],"to":[33,47,84,164,180],"detect":[34],"and":[35,46,93,119,124],"track":[36],"them":[37],"with":[38,109],"aim":[40],"maintaining":[42],"safe":[44],"distance":[45],"avoid":[48],"dangerous":[49],"maneuvers.":[50],"In":[51],"research":[53],"described":[54],"this":[56,58,138],"article,":[57],"task":[59],"is":[60,91,99,107,162],"accomplished":[61],"using":[62],"an":[63],"on":[64,68],"board":[65],"camera.":[66],"Depending":[67],"when":[69],"are":[72,156,178],"detected":[73,89],"system":[75],"analyzes":[76],"movement":[77,102],"or":[78],"uses":[79],"vehicle":[81,90,123],"geometrical":[82],"model":[83,106],"perceive":[85],"them.":[86],"After,":[87],"tracked":[92],"its":[94],"behavior":[95],"established.":[96],"Optical":[97],"flow":[98],"used":[100,163],"while":[103],"geometric":[105,154],"associated":[108],"likelihood":[111],"function":[112,139],"that":[113],"includes":[114],"information":[115,147],"shape":[118],"symmetry":[120],"shadow":[126],"it":[127],"casts.":[128],"A":[129],"genetic":[130],"algorithm":[131,145],"finds":[132],"optimum":[134],"parameter":[135],"values":[136],"every":[141],"image.":[142],"As":[143],"receives":[146],"from":[148],"road":[150],"detection":[151],"module":[152],"some":[153],"restrictions":[155],"applied.":[157],"Additionally,":[158],"multiresolution":[160],"approach":[161],"speed":[165],"up":[166],"algorithm.":[168,183],"Examples":[169],"real":[171],"image":[172],"sequences":[173],"under":[174],"different":[175],"weather":[176],"conditions":[177],"shown":[179],"validate":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}