{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7132852064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2026.102699","title":"Optimization and FPGA implementation of Echo State Networks to predict the chaotic Lorenz system","display_name":"Optimization and FPGA implementation of Echo State Networks to predict the chaotic Lorenz system","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7132852064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2026.102699"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.vlsi.2026.102699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2026.102699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139392130","display_name":"Integration","issn_l":"0167-9260","issn":["0167-9260","1872-7522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Integration","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2026.102699","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040567555","display_name":"Andres Cureno-Ramirez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68368234","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/009eqmr18","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andres Cure\u00f1o-Ramirez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Cinvestav, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Cinvestav, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003302983","display_name":"Luis Gerardo de la Fraga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-9837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68368234","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/009eqmr18","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Gerardo de la Fraga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Cinvestav, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Cinvestav, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040567555"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"],"apc_list":{"value":2150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2150},"apc_paid":{"value":2150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89237432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"109","issue":null,"first_page":"102699","last_page":"102699"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10244","display_name":"Chaos control and synchronization","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo-state-network","display_name":"Echo state network","score":0.7906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaotic","display_name":"Chaotic","score":0.736299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7153000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservoir-computing","display_name":"Reservoir computing","score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.39890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.39559999108314514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172025690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5332763","display_name":"Echo state network","level":4,"score":0.7906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.736299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7153000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6575000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135796866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315328","display_name":"Reservoir computing","level":4,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.39890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.39559999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151510863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899844","display_name":"Lorenz system","level":3,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92047909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204034","display_name":"Hyperbolic function","level":2,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38365724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677469","display_name":"Activation function","level":3,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130367717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189791","display_name":"Diagonal","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113313756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332791","display_name":"Diagonal matrix","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.vlsi.2026.102699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2026.102699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139392130","display_name":"Integration","issn_l":"0167-9260","issn":["0167-9260","1872-7522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Integration","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.vlsi.2026.102699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2026.102699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139392130","display_name":"Integration","issn_l":"0167-9260","issn":["0167-9260","1872-7522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Integration","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4756687581539154,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974680426","https://openalex.org/W2026475322","https://openalex.org/W2078474809","https://openalex.org/W2476751262","https://openalex.org/W3021613070","https://openalex.org/W3164008977","https://openalex.org/W4210560848","https://openalex.org/W4308391870","https://openalex.org/W4376129205","https://openalex.org/W4387643938","https://openalex.org/W4401247234"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,75],"work":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,11,86],"optimized":[4,87,150],"Field-Programmable":[5],"Gate":[6],"Array":[7],"(FPGA)":[8],"implementation":[9,212],"of":[10,18,28,48,122,190,201,213],"Echo":[12,181],"State":[13,182],"Network":[14,21,177],"(ESN),":[15],"a":[16,91,119,126,147,176,199],"type":[17],"Recurrent":[19],"Neural":[20],"(RNN),":[22],"to":[23,53,111,125,143,169,185],"predict":[24,186],"the":[25,29,46,59,71,78,98,138,149,187,205,214],"chaotic":[26,188],"signal":[27,189],"Lorenz":[30,191],"system.":[31,192],"The":[32,105,114],"focus":[33],"is":[34,152,207,219],"on":[35,40,156],"executing":[36],"AI":[37],"models":[38],"efficiently":[39],"resource-limited":[41],"devices":[42],"like":[43],"those":[44],"in":[45,94,204,217],"Internet":[47],"Things":[49],"(IoT).":[50],"In":[51],"contrast":[52],"previous":[54],"state-of-the-art":[55,171],"works":[56],"that":[57],"used":[58],"tanh":[60],"activation":[61],"function":[62],"(which":[63],"required":[64],"complex":[65],"hardware":[66],"approximations),":[67],"this":[68],"proposal":[69],"employs":[70],"simpler":[72],"ReLU":[73],"function.":[74],"choice":[76],"eliminates":[77],"need":[79],"for":[80],"approximations":[81],"and,":[82],"when":[83],"combined":[84],"with":[85,129,180,198],"network":[88,197],"architecture,":[89],"enables":[90],"drastic":[92],"reduction":[93],"resource":[95],"usage.":[96],"Specifically,":[97],"optimization":[99],"achieved":[100],"three":[101],"key":[102],"reductions:":[103],"a)":[104],"reservoir":[106,206],"size,":[107],"decreased":[108],"from":[109,118,141],"50":[110],"3;":[112],"b)":[113],"connectivity":[115],"matrix,":[116],"transitioned":[117],"dense":[120],"matrix":[121,128],"2500":[123],"values":[124],"diagonal":[127],"only":[130],"3":[131,202],"non-zero":[132],"values;":[133],"and":[134],"c)":[135],"Precision,":[136],"reducing":[137,160],"operational":[139],"bit-width":[140],"32":[142],"23":[144],"bits.":[145],"As":[146],"result,":[148],"ESN":[151,216],"significantly":[153],"more":[154],"efficient":[155],"FPGA":[157,218],"hardware,":[158],"successfully":[159],"utilized":[161],"resources":[162],"while":[163],"simultaneously":[164],"achieving":[165],"improved":[166],"performance":[167],"compared":[168],"prior":[170],"implementations.":[172],"\u2022":[173,193,210],"We":[174],"apply":[175],"Search":[178],"Architecture":[179],"Networks":[183],"(ESN)":[184],"A":[194],"very":[195],"small":[196],"size":[200],"neurons":[203],"ob-":[208],"tained.":[209],"An":[211],"obtained":[215],"presented.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T07:04:00.330322","created_date":"2026-03-01T00:00:00"}