{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415974447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.186","title":"Building a Convolutional Neural Network from Scratch for Arabic Handwritten Recognition","display_name":"Building a Convolutional Neural Network from Scratch for Arabic Handwritten Recognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415974447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.186","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114853611","display_name":"Oussama Alkayed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oussama Alkayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["ReDCAD, ENIS, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ReDCAD, ENIS, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017101202","display_name":"Marwa Amara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4521-0867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83259278","display_name":"Manouba University","ror":"https://ror.org/0503ejf32","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83259278"]}],"countries":["SA","TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marwa Amara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, 73222, Saudi Arabia","LARIA UR22ES01, ENSI, Manouba University, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, 73222, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LARIA UR22ES01, ENSI, Manouba University, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83259278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094138026","display_name":"Nadia Smairi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83259278","display_name":"Manouba University","ror":"https://ror.org/0503ejf32","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83259278"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadia Smairi","raw_affiliation_strings":["LARIA UR22ES01, ENSI, Manouba University, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LARIA UR22ES01, ENSI, Manouba University, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83259278"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058818001","display_name":"Yessine Hadj Kacem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5757-6516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yessine Hadj Kacem","raw_affiliation_strings":["ReDCAD, ENIS, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ReDCAD, ENIS, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017101202","https://openalex.org/A5114853611"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987","https://openalex.org/I142899784","https://openalex.org/I83259278"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36608263,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"270","issue":null,"first_page":"669","last_page":"678"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7247999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.6280999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5695000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.5253000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.4677000045776367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9182000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7247999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6571999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.6280999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5695000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.5253000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.47690001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4156999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121144440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669754","display_name":"Neocognitron","level":4,"score":0.2971000075340271}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2481930807","https://openalex.org/W2752102415","https://openalex.org/W2776881402","https://openalex.org/W2896650267","https://openalex.org/W3005444521","https://openalex.org/W3024212125","https://openalex.org/W3040347307","https://openalex.org/W3081520260","https://openalex.org/W3092249769","https://openalex.org/W3104516990","https://openalex.org/W4207029058","https://openalex.org/W4212894031","https://openalex.org/W4213103248","https://openalex.org/W4220793820","https://openalex.org/W4303981486","https://openalex.org/W4382583278","https://openalex.org/W4392751407","https://openalex.org/W4402261957"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Arabic":[0,21,53,82,117,155],"character":[1,54,118,156],"recognition":[2,24,55],"has":[3],"attracted":[4],"significant":[5,16],"attention":[6],"due":[7,29],"to":[8,30,52,75,150],"its":[9],"crucial":[10],"role":[11],"in":[12,18,37,81,112],"various":[13],"applications.":[14],"Despite":[15],"advancements":[17],"deep":[19,90],"learning,":[20],"handwritten":[22],"text":[23],"remains":[25],"a":[26,49,57],"challenging":[27],"task":[28],"the":[31,64,77,86,109,114,145,152],"language\u2019s":[32],"complex":[33],"script,":[34],"high":[35],"variability":[36],"handwriting":[38],"styles,":[39],"and":[40,96,104,124,141],"connectivity":[41],"between":[42],"letters.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45],"study,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"novel":[50],"approach":[51],"using":[56],"Convolutional":[58],"Neural":[59],"Network":[60],"(CNN)":[61],"developed":[62],"from":[63],"ground":[65],"up.":[66],"The":[67,92],"architecture":[68],"of":[69,89,116,154],"our":[70,136],"CNN":[71],"is":[72,94],"meticulously":[73],"designed":[74],"capture":[76],"intricate":[78],"features":[79],"inherent":[80],"characters":[83],"by":[84],"leveraging":[85],"representational":[87],"power":[88],"learning.":[91],"model":[93],"trained":[95],"evaluated":[97],"on":[98,126],"two":[99],"well-established":[100],"benchmark":[101],"datasets:":[102],"AHAWP":[103,128,148],"IFHCDB.":[105],"Experimental":[106],"results":[107],"demonstrate":[108],"model\u2019s":[110],"effectiveness":[111],"addressing":[113],"complexities":[115],"recognition,":[119],"achieving":[120],"competitive":[121],"accuracy":[122],"93.95%":[123],"93.51%":[125],"IFHCDB":[127],"respectively":[129],"while":[130],"surpassing":[131],"certain":[132],"existing":[133],"approaches.":[134],"Furthermore,":[135],"methodology":[137],"integrates":[138],"architectural":[139],"innovations":[140],"dataset":[142,149],"exploration,":[143],"incorporating":[144],"recently":[146],"introduced":[147],"advance":[151],"field":[153],"recognition.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-11-06T00:00:00"}
