{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128550924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.108708","title":"State-wise linear modulation (SLim): A novel approach for steering large language models","display_name":"State-wise linear modulation (SLim): A novel approach for steering large language models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128550924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.108708","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41719967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2026.108708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.108708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123019304","display_name":"Neural Networks","issn_l":"0893-6080","issn":["0893-6080","1879-2782"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.108708","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125499130","display_name":"Basavaraj Sangayya Hiremath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basavaraj Sangayya Hiremath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universit\u00e4tsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0434-3886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universit\u00e4tsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014793020","display_name":"Marco Polignano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3939-0136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Polignano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Apulia, Italy. Electronic address: marco.polignano@uniba.it"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3939-0136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Apulia, Italy. Electronic address: marco.polignano@uniba.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marco Levantesi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3740-7539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Levantesi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universit\u00e4tsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3740-7539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universit\u00e4tsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125569595","display_name":"Giovanni Semeraro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Semeraro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Apulia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6883-1853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Apulia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048751530","display_name":"Ernesto William De Luca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3621-4118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernesto William De Luca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universit\u00e4tsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3621-4118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universit\u00e4tsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125594070","display_name":"Amos Poznanski","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amos Poznanski","raw_affiliation_strings":["MANAGBL.AI, Sch\u00f6nhauser Allee 141 B, Berlin, 10437, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MANAGBL.AI, Sch\u00f6nhauser Allee 141 B, Berlin, 10437, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014793020"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16311817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"199","issue":null,"first_page":"108708","last_page":"108708"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.3057999908924103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.3057999908924103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.07919999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.06830000132322311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.7017999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.6657000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.3668000102043152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7997999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.7017999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.6657000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4587000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098842","descriptor_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2026.108708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.108708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123019304","display_name":"Neural Networks","issn_l":"0893-6080","issn":["0893-6080","1879-2782"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41719967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41719967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ricerca.uniba.it:11586/572861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11586/572861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196296","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","host_organization_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2026.108708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.108708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123019304","display_name":"Neural Networks","issn_l":"0893-6080","issn":["0893-6080","1879-2782"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6635659337043762,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3352294008","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE0000013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F5497039910","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5636851033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE0000013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F5497039910","display_name":"Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito","ror":"https://ror.org/01ehyh486"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2760103357","https://openalex.org/W2763110165","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W4205635927","https://openalex.org/W4283168218","https://openalex.org/W4285190530","https://openalex.org/W4313325965"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"new":[1,200],"decade":[2],"breakthrough":[3],"Large":[4],"Language":[5],"Models":[6],"(LLMs),":[7],"trained":[8],"on":[9,50,106],"extensive":[10],"text":[11,24,32],"corpora,":[12],"have":[13],"achieved":[14],"remarkable":[15],"advancements":[16],"in":[17],"NLP,":[18],"demonstrating":[19],"sophisticated":[20],"language":[21],"comprehension":[22],"and":[23,53,62,81,134,150,191],"generation":[25,33],"capabilities.":[26],"However,":[27],"for":[28,70,202],"effective":[29],"human-AI":[30,196],"interaction,":[31,197],"at":[34],"the":[35,67,90,114,165,186,192],"lexical":[36],"level":[37],"alone":[38],"is":[39],"not":[40,88],"sufficient.":[41],"Advanced":[42],"AI":[43],"systems":[44],"must":[45],"be":[46],"adaptable":[47],"to":[48,154,177,184],"users":[49],"an":[51],"affective":[52],"emotional":[54],"level,":[55],"supporting":[56],"interactions":[57],"that":[58,157,164],"involve":[59],"empathy,":[60],"regulation,":[61],"decision-making.":[63],"Prompt":[64],"engineering,":[65],"currently":[66],"primary":[68],"method":[69],"steering":[71],"model":[72,104],"behavior,":[73],"has":[74],"proven":[75],"valuable":[76],"but":[77],"exhibits":[78],"limited":[79],"reliability":[80],"scope.":[82],"Simply":[83],"posing":[84],"a":[85,124,199],"question":[86],"does":[87],"maximize":[89],"model's":[91],"performance,":[92],"as":[93,98],"demonstrated":[94],"by":[95],"techniques":[96],"such":[97],"\"step-by-step\"":[99],"prompting,":[100],"which":[101],"significantly":[102],"enhances":[103],"output":[105,121,156],"various":[107],"tasks.":[108],"This":[109,180],"work":[110,181],"investigates":[111],"how":[112,140],"modifying":[113],"internal":[115],"states":[116],"of":[117,126,195],"LLMs":[118],"can":[119,148],"guide":[120],"characteristics.":[122],"Through":[123],"series":[125],"experiments":[127],"using":[128],"datasets":[129],"labeled":[130],"with":[131,159,173],"sentiment,":[132],"emotion,":[133],"other":[135],"stylistic":[136],"attributes,":[137],"we":[138],"demonstrate":[139],"specific":[141],"state":[142],"or":[143],"style":[144],"based":[145],"vectors-representing":[146],"parameters":[147],"scale":[149],"shift":[151],"LLM":[152,189,204],"activations":[153],"produce":[155],"aligns":[158],"these":[160],"attributes.":[161],"Results":[162],"show":[163],"state-engineered":[166],"outputs":[167],"are":[168],"more":[169],"pronounced":[170],"when":[171],"prompted":[172],"subjective":[174],"inputs":[175],"compared":[176],"factual":[178],"ones.":[179],"thus":[182],"contributes":[183],"bridging":[185],"gap":[187],"between":[188],"capabilities":[190],"nuanced":[193],"demands":[194],"offering":[198],"direction":[201],"controlling":[203],"outputs.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T08:28:00.272161","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}