{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134921531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101923","title":"Adaptive multi-view transformer ensemble for intrusion detection: Addressing data imbalance and enhancing attack classification","display_name":"Adaptive multi-view transformer ensemble for intrusion detection: Addressing data imbalance and enhancing attack classification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134921531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iot.2026.101923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174276","display_name":"Internet of Things","issn_l":"2542-6605","issn":["2542-6605","2543-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101923","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128722090","display_name":"Md Mehedi Hasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Mehedi Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Albury, 2640, New South Wales, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2081-6125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Albury, 2640, New South Wales, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128733507","display_name":"Md Rafiqul Islam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafiqul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Albury, 2640, New South Wales, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8317-5727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Albury, 2640, New South Wales, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016319775","display_name":"Quazi Mamun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-7651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quazi Mamun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Albury, 2640, New South Wales, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-7651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Albury, 2640, New South Wales, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128737339","display_name":"Md Zahidul Islam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Zahidul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, AI and Cyber Futures Center, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst NSW 2795, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4868-4945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, AI and Cyber Futures Center, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst NSW 2795, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121884891","display_name":"Junbin Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junbin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney Business School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9803-0256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney Business School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128722090"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"],"apc_list":{"value":2010,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2010},"apc_paid":{"value":2010,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2010},"fwci":16.3013,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98374626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":null,"first_page":"101923","last_page":"101923"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9333999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9333999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6173999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-model","display_name":"Attack model","score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.3352999985218048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6173999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780741293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818019","display_name":"Attack patterns","level":3,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13540734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318996","display_name":"Dynamic network analysis","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iot.2026.101923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174276","display_name":"Internet of Things","issn_l":"2542-6605","issn":["2542-6605","2543-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iot.2026.101923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174276","display_name":"Internet of Things","issn_l":"2542-6605","issn":["2542-6605","2543-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5951682329177856}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W433644524","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2155926039","https://openalex.org/W2800788706","https://openalex.org/W2911171945","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W2970170226","https://openalex.org/W2980576170","https://openalex.org/W2995778637","https://openalex.org/W2996900869","https://openalex.org/W3022218140","https://openalex.org/W3093931417","https://openalex.org/W3185746581","https://openalex.org/W3186172578","https://openalex.org/W4211187780","https://openalex.org/W4226094323","https://openalex.org/W4295066500","https://openalex.org/W4303987227","https://openalex.org/W4309939034","https://openalex.org/W4315781229","https://openalex.org/W4321496206","https://openalex.org/W4391582627","https://openalex.org/W4391944556","https://openalex.org/W4392347784","https://openalex.org/W4393101682","https://openalex.org/W4401030697","https://openalex.org/W4404200805","https://openalex.org/W4406093177","https://openalex.org/W4407003114","https://openalex.org/W4408379971","https://openalex.org/W4412985493","https://openalex.org/W4415053913","https://openalex.org/W4415366341","https://openalex.org/W4416799465"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"intrusion":[1],"detection":[2,121],"systems":[3],"(IDS)":[4],"face":[5],"persistent":[6],"challenges":[7,198],"with":[8,62,70,148,163],"imbalanced":[9],"datasets,":[10],"limited":[11],"effectiveness":[12],"against":[13,130],"zero-day":[14],"attacks,":[15],"and":[16,52,103,138,169,187],"inconsistent":[17],"performance":[18,129],"across":[19,122,183],"diverse":[20,123],"attack":[21,80,124,188],"vectors.":[22],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"presents":[25],"the":[26,196],"Adaptive":[27],"Multi-View":[28,83],"Transformer":[29],"Ensemble":[30,108],"for":[31,78,151,194],"Intrusion":[32],"Detection":[33,109],"(AMTE-IDS),":[34],"a":[35,58,191],"comprehensive":[36],"framework":[37,179],"that":[38,142],"addresses":[39],"these":[40],"limitations":[41],"through":[42,93],"innovative":[43],"integration":[44],"of":[45,90,199],"advanced":[46],"data":[47],"balancing,":[48],"multi-perspective":[49],"feature":[50],"learning,":[51],"dynamic":[53],"ensemble":[54],"classification.":[55],"We":[56],"introduce":[57],"Multi-Modal":[59],"Wasserstein":[60],"GAN":[61],"Gradient":[63],"Penalty":[64],"(MM-WGAN-GP)":[65],"architecture":[66],"employing":[67],"multiple":[68],"critics":[69],"complementary":[71,88],"perspectives":[72],"to":[73],"generate":[74],"high-quality":[75],"synthetic":[76],"samples":[77],"minority":[79,152],"classes.":[81],"Our":[82],"Feature":[84],"Learning":[85],"module":[86,110],"extracts":[87],"representations":[89],"network":[91,185,201],"traffic":[92],"specialized":[94,113],"transformer-based":[95],"pathways":[96],"focusing":[97],"on":[98,116,135],"global":[99],"features,":[100],"temporal":[101],"patterns,":[102,189],"protocol-specific":[104],"characteristics.":[105],"A":[106],"Dynamic":[107],"adaptively":[111],"combines":[112],"classifiers":[114],"based":[115],"input":[117],"characteristics,":[118],"enabling":[119],"effective":[120],"vectors":[125],"while":[126],"maintaining":[127],"robust":[128],"evolving":[131],"threats.":[132],"Extensive":[133],"experimentation":[134],"NSL-KDD,":[136],"UNSW-NB15,":[137],"CIC-IDS2017":[139],"datasets":[140],"demonstrates":[141,180],"AMTE-IDS":[143],"achieves":[144],"97.8%":[145],"overall":[146],"accuracy":[147],"73.2%":[149],"F1-score":[150],"classes,":[153],"outperforming":[154],"state-of-the-art":[155],"MCGC-IDS":[156],"by":[157],"+0.9%/+2.4%":[158],"respectively":[159],"(p":[160],"<":[161],"0.001),":[162],"57.1%":[164],"false":[165],"positive":[166],"rate":[167],"reduction":[168],"0.35ms":[170],"per-sample":[171],"inference":[172],"latency":[173],"confirming":[174],"real-time":[175],"deployment":[176],"viability.":[177],"The":[178],"strong":[181],"generalization":[182],"different":[184],"environments":[186],"offering":[190],"promising":[192],"approach":[193],"addressing":[195],"complex":[197],"modern":[200],"security.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}
