{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408933422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722","title":"A systematic mapping study on graph machine learning for static source code analysis","display_name":"A systematic mapping study on graph machine learning for static source code analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408933422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205010575","display_name":"Information and Software Technology","issn_l":"0950-5849","issn":["0950-5849","1873-6025"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Software Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094346924","display_name":"Jesse Maarleveld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7944-1746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jesse Maarleveld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7944-1746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038260607","display_name":"Jiapan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3966-4405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiapan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3966-4405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008359300","display_name":"Daniel Feitosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-232X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Feitosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-232X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5094346924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"fwci":0.9299,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69955738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"183","issue":null,"first_page":"107722","last_page":"107722"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7116990685462952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.5782060623168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5354474186897278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4690799117088318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4523348808288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.427381306886673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.42463868856430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.31390881538391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.08601835370063782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.0717841386795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.050453901290893555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7116990685462952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.5782060623168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5354474186897278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4690799117088318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4523348808288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.427381306886673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.42463868856430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.31390881538391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.08601835370063782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0717841386795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.050453901290893555}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205010575","display_name":"Information and Software Technology","issn_l":"0950-5849","issn":["0950-5849","1873-6025"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Software Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/2c21df11-c201-4dc6-8c52-0886790e5a4e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/2c21df11-c201-4dc6-8c52-0886790e5a4e","pdf_url":"https://research.rug.nl/files/1286147518/1-s2.0-S0950584925000618-main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Maarleveld, J, Guo, J & Feitosa, D 2025, 'A systematic mapping study on graph machine learning for static source code analysis', Information and Software Technology, vol. 183, 107722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/2c21df11-c201-4dc6-8c52-0886790e5a4e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/2c21df11-c201-4dc6-8c52-0886790e5a4e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Maarleveld, J, Guo, J & Feitosa, D 2025, 'A systematic mapping study on graph machine learning for static source code analysis', Information and Software Technology, vol. 183, 107722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/review"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205010575","display_name":"Information and Software Technology","issn_l":"0950-5849","issn":["0950-5849","1873-6025"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Software Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40327287","https://openalex.org/W83849912","https://openalex.org/W103340358","https://openalex.org/W618024573","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1973012451","https://openalex.org/W1999798506","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2075010670","https://openalex.org/W2131681506","https://openalex.org/W2144344516","https://openalex.org/W2150290224","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2180566385","https://openalex.org/W2244807774","https://openalex.org/W2246777187","https://openalex.org/W2282866165","https://openalex.org/W2601243251","https://openalex.org/W2604314403","https://openalex.org/W2612764117","https://openalex.org/W2776454016","https://openalex.org/W2889326414","https://openalex.org/W2897889469","https://openalex.org/W2911495555","https://openalex.org/W2914059076","https://openalex.org/W2962711740","https://openalex.org/W2963355447","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2980135568","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3087257704","https://openalex.org/W3089202867","https://openalex.org/W3096356506","https://openalex.org/W3099768174","https://openalex.org/W3102072454","https://openalex.org/W3111602563","https://openalex.org/W3119507053","https://openalex.org/W3137781054","https://openalex.org/W3152157423","https://openalex.org/W3152893301","https://openalex.org/W3198212763","https://openalex.org/W4205616158","https://openalex.org/W4220698983","https://openalex.org/W4221142221","https://openalex.org/W4224293820","https://openalex.org/W4232232019","https://openalex.org/W4237906299","https://openalex.org/W4243053333","https://openalex.org/W4243814950","https://openalex.org/W4243949428","https://openalex.org/W4253752119","https://openalex.org/W4281641613","https://openalex.org/W4285545168","https://openalex.org/W4288680361","https://openalex.org/W4293527381","https://openalex.org/W4294558607","https://openalex.org/W4295953700","https://openalex.org/W4297571622","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4300424382","https://openalex.org/W4301329292","https://openalex.org/W4320075244","https://openalex.org/W4321372624","https://openalex.org/W4360869429","https://openalex.org/W4377824537","https://openalex.org/W4379538713","https://openalex.org/W4385820184","https://openalex.org/W4388733003","https://openalex.org/W4390742456","https://openalex.org/W4390933379","https://openalex.org/W4393029443","https://openalex.org/W4396758529","https://openalex.org/W4396806998","https://openalex.org/W6644111349","https://openalex.org/W6648264117","https://openalex.org/W6649344683","https://openalex.org/W6683307920","https://openalex.org/W6748774801","https://openalex.org/W6755596239","https://openalex.org/W6758105487","https://openalex.org/W6767260250","https://openalex.org/W6768701630","https://openalex.org/W6773555172","https://openalex.org/W6774075572","https://openalex.org/W6775232464","https://openalex.org/W6779768427","https://openalex.org/W6797695798","https://openalex.org/W6806129849","https://openalex.org/W6811215666","https://openalex.org/W6838931177","https://openalex.org/W6843018345","https://openalex.org/W6846481526","https://openalex.org/W6848746386","https://openalex.org/W6848827733","https://openalex.org/W6851465538","https://openalex.org/W6855251575","https://openalex.org/W6871757793"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388483122","https://openalex.org/W4387126921","https://openalex.org/W3030592833","https://openalex.org/W4210653322","https://openalex.org/W2019168903","https://openalex.org/W3006945192","https://openalex.org/W2617035575","https://openalex.org/W2364777513","https://openalex.org/W3119585180","https://openalex.org/W4396671287"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Context:":[0],"In":[1],"recent":[2],"years,":[3],"graph":[4,9,54,111,146,163,168],"machine":[5,27,55,112,152],"learning":[6,28,31,56,153],"and":[7,15,41,75,77,141,150,158,165,226,232],"particularly":[8],"neural":[10,169],"networks":[11,35],"have":[12,45],"seen":[13],"successful":[14],"widespread":[16],"applications":[17],"in":[18,166,202,211],"many":[19],"fields,":[20],"including":[21],"static":[22,58,106],"source":[23,59,107,224],"code":[24,60,108],"analysis.":[25,61],"Such":[26],"techniques":[29,70],"enable":[30],"on":[32],"rich":[33],"information":[34],"capable":[36],"of":[37,53,68,90,99,102,105,126,143,162,180,197,206,220],"representing":[38],"different":[39,145,148,151],"relations":[40],"entities.":[42],"However,":[43],"there":[44],"been":[46],"no":[47,64],"comprehensive":[48],"studies":[49],"investigating":[50],"the":[51,100,103,131,203,218],"use":[52,140,161,219],"for":[57,80],"There":[62],"is":[63,93,182],"complete":[65],"systematic":[66,115],"picture":[67],"what":[69],"may":[71],"be":[72,85],"considered":[73],"tried":[74],"tested,":[76],"where":[78],"opportunities":[79,209],"future":[81],"improvements":[82],"can":[83],"still":[84],"found.":[86],"The":[87,139,160],"main":[88],"goal":[89],"this":[91],"study":[92],"to":[94,230],"provide":[95],"a":[96,123,177],"broad":[97],"overview":[98],"state":[101],"art":[104],"analysis":[109],"using":[110],"learning.":[113],"A":[114],"mapping":[116],"was":[117],"performed":[118],"covering":[119],"4499":[120],"studies,":[121,133],"presenting":[122],"final":[124],"selection":[125],"323":[127],"primary":[128],"studies.":[129,207],"Among":[130],"selected":[132],"seven":[134],"major":[135],"sub-domains":[136],"were":[137,156],"identified.":[138],"combinations":[142],"artefacts,":[144],"representations,":[147],"features,":[149,191],"models":[154],"used":[155,201],"collected":[157],"categorised.":[159],"learning,":[164],"particular":[167],"networks,":[170],"has":[171],"increased":[172],"significantly":[173],"since":[174],"2018.":[175],"Although":[176],"wide":[178],"variety":[179],"methods":[181],"used,":[183],"across":[184],"every":[185],"dimension":[186],"we":[187,193],"investigated":[188],"(artefacts,":[189],"graphs,":[190],"models),":[192],"found":[194],"small":[195],"sets":[196],"technologies":[198],"which":[199],"are":[200],"vast":[204],"majority":[205],"Future":[208],"lie":[210],"exploring":[212,217],"under-explored":[213],"domains":[214],"more":[215,228],"thoroughly,":[216],"additional":[221],"artefacts":[222],"alongside":[223],"code,":[225],"paying":[227],"attention":[229],"interpretability":[231],"explainability.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
